Physiology Prof. Chhin Senya part II
71. The part of the diencephalon directly connected to the pituitary gland is the
A. Hypothalamus
B. Epithalamus
C. Subthalamus
D. Thalamus
72. Which of these cerebral lobes is important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood?
A. Frontal
B. Occipital
C. Temporal
D. Insula
73. What region of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?
A. The occipital lobe
B. The frontal lobe
C. The temporal lobe
D. The somatosensory cortex
E. The parietal lobe association area
74. The supporting cells that form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are
A. oligodendrocytes
B. Satellite cells
C. Schwann cells
D. astrocytes
E. microglia
75. A collection of neuron cell called bodies located outside the CNS is
A. A tract
B. A nerve
C. A nucleus
D. A ganglion
76. Which of these neurons are pseudo unipolar?
A. Sensory neurons
B. Somatic motor neurons
C. Neurons in the retina
D. Autonomic motor neurons
77. Depolarization of an axon is produced by
A. Inward diffusion of Na+
B. Active extrusion of K+
C. Outward diffusion of K+
D. Inward active transport of Na+
78. Repolarization of an axon during an action potential is produced by
A. Inward diffusion of Na+
B. Active extrusion of K+
C. Outward diffusion of K+
D. Inward active transport of Na+
79. As the strength of a depolarizing stimulus to an axon is increased
A. The amplitude of action potentials increases
B. The duration of action potentials increases
C. The speed with which action potentials are conducted increases
D. The frequency with which action potentials are produced increases
80. A drug that inactivates acetylcholinesterase
A. Inhibits the release of ACh from presynaptic endings
B. Inhibits the attachment of ACh to its receptor protein
C. Increases the ability of ACh to stimulate muscle contraction
D. Does all of these
81. Postsynaptic inhibition is produced by
A. Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
B. Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
C. Axoaxonic synapses
D. long-term potentiation
82. The absolute refractory period of a neuron
A. Is due to the high negative polarity of the inside of the neuron
B. Occurs only during the repolarization phase
C. Occurs only during the depolarization phase
D. Occurs during depolarization and the first part of the repolarization phase
83. Which of these statements about catecholamines is false?
A. They include norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
B. Their effects are increased by action of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase
C. They are inactivated by monoamine oxidase
D. They are inactivated by reuptake into the presynaptic axon
E. They may stimulate the production of cyclic AMP in the postsynaptic axon
84. Which of these statements about ACh receptors is false?
A. Skeletal muscles contain nicotinic ACh receptors
B. The heart contains muscarinic ACh receptors
C. G-proteins are needed to open ion channels for nicotinic receptors
D. Stimulation of nicotinic receptors results in the production of EPSPs
85. Regulation by the nervous system provides
A. Relatively slow, butlong-lasting, responses tostimuli
B. swift, long-lasting responses to stimuli
C. swift, but brief, responses to stimuli
D. Relatively slow, short-lived responses to stimuli
86. In the CNS, a neuron typically receives information from other neurons at its
A. axon
B. Nissl bodies
C. dendrites
D. nucleus
87. Phagocytic cells in neural tissue of the CNS are
A. astrocytes
B. Ependymal cells
C. oligodendrocytes
D. microglia
88. The neural cells responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and coordination of motor outputs are
A. neuroglia
B. interneurons
C. Sensory neurons
D. Motor neurons
89. Depolarization of a neuron plasma membrane will shift the membrane potential toward
A. 0 mv
B. –70 mV
C. –90 mV
D. All of these
90. Receptors that bind acetylcholine at the postsynaptic membrane are
A. Chemically gated channels
B. voltage-gated channels
C. Passive channels
D. Mechanically gated channels
91. If the resting membrane potential is –70 mV and the threshold is –55 mV, a membrane potential of - 60 mV will
A. Produces an action potential
B. Makes it easier to produce an action potential
C. Makes it harder to produce an action potential
D. Hyperpolarizes the membrane
92. The autonomic division of the nervous system directs
A. Voluntary motor activity
B. Conscious control of skeletal muscles
C. Unconscious control of skeletal muscles
D. Processes that maintain homeostasis
E. Sensory input from the skin
93. The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity and stress is the ___________ division.
A. sympathetic
B. parasympathetic
C. craniosacral
D. intramural
E. somatomotor
94. Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include
A. Dilation of the pupils
B. Increased secretion by digestive glands
C. Dilation of respiratory passages
D. Increased heart rate
E. Increased breakdown of glycogen by the liver
95. Dual innervation refers to situations in which
A. Vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
B. The atria and ventricles of the heart receive autonomic stimulation from the same nerves
C. Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers have similar effects
D a, b, and c are correct
96. Damage to the hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, leads to
A. A loss of emotion due to forgetfulness
B. A loss of consciousness
C. A loss of long-term memory
D. An immediate loss of short-term memory
97. During sympathetic stimulation, a person may begin to feel “on edge”; this is the result of
A. Increased energy metabolism by muscle tissue
B. Increased cardiovascular activity
C. Stimulation of the reticular activating system
D. Temporary insensitivity to painful stimuli
E. Decreased levels of epinephrine in the blood
98. Under which of the following circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be greatest?
A. Increased sympathetic stimulation
B. Decreased sympathetic stimulation
C. Increased parasympathetic stimulation
D. Decreased parasympathetic stimulation
E. Both increased parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation
99. When a visceral organ is denervated, it becomes
A. Ceases to function
B. Less sensitive to subsequent stimulation by neurotransmitters
C. Hypersensitive to subsequent stimulation
D. Normal function
100. Parasympathetic ganglia are located in the
A. Chain parallel to the spinal cord
B. Dorsal roots of spinal nerves
C. Next to or within the organs innervated
D. Brain
101. The neurotransmitter of preganglionic sympathetic fibers is
A. Norepinephrine
B. Epinephrine
C. Acetylcholine
D. Dopamine
102. Which of these results from stimulation of alpha- adrenergic receptors?
A. Constriction of blood vessels
B. Dilation of bronchioles
C. Decreased heart rate
D. Sweat gland secretion
103. Which of these fibers release norepinephrine?
A. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
B. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
C. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the heart
D. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers in sweat glands
104. The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are cooperative in the
A. Heart
B. Reproductive system
C. Digestive system
D. Eyes
105. Propranolol is a beta blocker. It would therefore cause
A. Vasodilation
B. Slowing of the heart rate
C. Increased blood pressure
D. Secretion of saliva
106. Atropine blocks parasympathetic nerve effects. It would therefore cause
A. Dilation of the pupils. Increased heart rate
B. Decreased mucous secretion
C. Decreased movements of the digestive tract
D. All above are true
107. Which area of the brain is most directly involved in the reflex control of the autonomic system?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Cerebral cortex
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Cerebellum
108. The two subtypes of cholinergic receptors are
A. Adrenergic and nicotinic
B. Dopaminergic and muscarinic
C. Nicotinic and muscarinic
D. Nicotinic and dopaminergic
109. A fall in cyclic AMP within the target cell occurs when norepinephrine binds to which of adrenergic receptors?
A. α1
B. α2
C. β1
D. β2
110. A drug that serves as an agonist for α2 receptors can be used to
A. Increase the heart rate
B. Decrease the heart
C. Dilate the bronchioles
D. Constrict the bronchioles
111. The autonomic division of the nervous system directs
A. Voluntary motor activity
B. Conscious control of skeletal muscles
C. Unconscious control of skeletal muscles
D. Processes that maintain homeostasis
112. The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares
A. Sympathetic
B. Parasympathetic
C. Craniosacra
D. Intramura
113. Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include
A. Dilation of the pupils
B. Increased secretion by digestive glands
C. Dilation of respiratory passages
D. Increased breakdown of glycogen by the liver
114. All preganglionic autonomic fibers release__________ at their synaptic terminals, and the effects are always ___________.
A. Norepinephrine; inhibitory
B. Norepinephrine; excitatory
C. Acetylcholine; excitatory
D. Acetylcholine; inhibitory
115. Which of the following statements regarding the adrenal gland is true?
A. The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release acetylcholine
B. The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine
C. The sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release acetylcholine
D. The sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine
116. The parasympathetic division is
A. Is also called the craniosacral division
B. Has preganglionic axons in cranial nerves
C. Has ganglia near or in the wall of effector organs
D. All of the above are true
117. Which of these is not a part of the enteric nervous system?
A. ANS motor neurons
B. Neurons located only in the digestive tract
C. Sensory neurons
D. Somatic neurons
118. Which of these cranial nerves does not contain parasympathetic fibers?
A. Oculomotor (III)
B. Facial (VII)
C. Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)
D. Trigeminal (V)
119. A cholinergic neuron
A. Secretes acetylcholine
B. Has receptors for acetylcholine
C. Secretes norepinephrine
D. Has receptors for norepinephrine
120. When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors
A. The cell’s response is mediated by G proteins
B. The response can be excitatory o inhibitory
C. Na+ channels open
D. The binding occurs at the effector organ
121. Nicotinic receptors are located in
A. Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
B. Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
C. Membranes of skeletal muscle cells
D. Both a and b
E. All of the above
122. The activation of α (alpha) and β (beta) receptors can
A. Produce an excitatory or inhibitory response
B. Can be caused by the sympathetic division
C. Can be caused by epinephrine released from the adrenal gland
D. Can be caused by norepinephrine
E. Which produces a stimulating response
123. The sympathetic division is
A. Always stimulatory
B. Always inhibitory
C. Usually under conscious control
D. Generally opposes the actions of the parasympathetic division
124. A sudden increase in blood pressure
A. Initiates a sympathetic reflex that decreases heart rate
B. Initiates a local reflex that decreases heart rate
C. Initiates a parasympathetic reflex that decreases heart rate
D. Both b and c
E. All of the above
125. Which of these structures is innervates almost exclusively by the sympathetic division?
A. Gastrointestinal tract
B. Heart, blood vessels
C. Urinary bladder
D. Reproductive tract
E. Respiratory tract
126. Developing spermatozoa are nourished by
A. Interstitial cells
B. The seminal glands
C. Nurse cells
D. Leydig cells
E. The epididymis
127. A sudden surge in LH secretion causes the
A. Onset of menses
B. Rupture of the follicular wall and ovulation
C. Beginning of the proliferative phase
D. End of the uterine cycle
E. Beginning of follicular phase
128. The principal hormone of the postovulatory phase is
A. progesterone
B. estradiol
C. estrogen
D. Luteinizing hormone
E. melanocyte-stimulating hormone
129. In the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the ovary
A. Undergoes atresia
B. Forms a corpus luteum
C. Releases a mature ovum
D. Secretes progesterone
E. Matures a follicle
130. The hormone that is the basis for a pregnancy test is
A. LH
B. progesterone
C. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
D. Human placental lactogen (hPL)
E. Either c or d, depending on the type of test
131. In the male
A. FSH is not secreted by the pituitary
B. FSH receptors are located in the Leydig cells
C. FSH receptors are located in the spermatogonia
D. FSH receptors are located in the Sertoli cells
E. FSH is not secreted by the Sertoli cells
132. Fertilization normally occurs in
A. The ovaries
B. The uterine tubes
C. The uterus
D. The vagina
E. The uterine tubes and uterus
133. Uterine contractions are stimulated by
A. oxytocin
B. prostaglandins
C. prolactin
D. Emotion in the delivery
E. Progesterone from placenta
134. The corpus luteum is maintained for the first 10 weeks of pregnancy by
A. hCG
B. LH
C. estrogen
D. progesterone
E. hCS
135. If GnRH were secreted in large amounts and at a constant rate rather than in a pulsatile fashion, which of these statements would be true?
A. LH secretion will increase at first and then decrease
B. LH secretion will increase indefinitely
C. Testosterone secretion in a male will be continuously high
D. Estradiol secretion in a woman will be continuously high
E. LH secretion will decrease at first and then increase
136. The Leydig cell is primarily characterized by
A. Aromatization of testosterone
B. Secretion of inhibin
C. Secretion of testosterone
D. Expression of receptors only to FSH
E. Transformation into the corpus luteum
137. Menopause is characterized primarily by
A. Primary ovarian failure
B. Loss of estrogen secretion from the ovary due to a decrease in LH
C. Loss of estrogen secretion from the ovary due to a decrease in FSH
D. A decrease in FSH and LH due to increased inhibin
E. A decrease in FSH and LH due to a decrease in GnRH pulses
138. During the third trimester of pregnancy, the placenta is not the primary source of which hormone in maternal blood?
A. estrogen
B. prolactin
C. progesterone
D. inhibin
E. hCG
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