Physiology Prof. Chhin Senya part I
1. Which of these statements about hypothalamic-releasing hormones is true?
A. They are secreted into capillaries in the median eminence
B. They are transported by portal veins to the posterior pituitary
C. They stimulate the secretion of non-specific hormones from the anterior pituitary
D. They stimulate the secretion of posterior hormones from the anterior pituitary
E. They are transported by pituitary stalk
2. The hormone primarily responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate and for promoting the maturation of the brain is
A. cortisol
B. ACTH
C. TSH
D. Thyroxine
E. GH
3. Which of the statement about the adrenal cortex is true?
A. It is innervated by nerve fibers
B. It secretes some androgens
C. It secrete erythropoietin
D. The zona fasciculata is stimulated by FSH
E. It secrete catecholamines
4. Which of these statements about the hormone insulin is true?
A. It is secreted by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans
B. It is secreted in response to a low in blood glucose
C. It stimulates the production of glycogen and fat
D. It is secreted in fasting state
E. It is secreted by alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
5. Steroid hormones are secreted by
A. The adrenal cortex
B. The adrenal gland
C. The thyroid
D. The adrenal medulla
E. The sperm cells
6. Secretion of which of these hormones would be increased in a person with endemic goiter?
A. TSH
B. Thyroxine
C. FSH
D. PRL
E. GH
7. Which of these hormones uses cAMP as a second messenger?
A. Testosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Insulin
D. Epinephrine
E. Oxytocin
8. Which of these terms best describes the interactions of insulin and glucagon?
A. Synergistic
B. Permissive
C. Antagonistic
D. Cooperative
E. Complementary
9. Which of these correctly describes the role of inositol triphosphate in hormone action?
A. It activates adenylate cyclase
B. It stimulates the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum
C. It activates protein kinase
D. It open Ca2+ channels in cell membrane
E. It stimulates the release of Ca2+ from the extracellular into intracellular
10. Which of these hormones may have a primary role in many circadian rhythms?
A. Estradiol
B. Insulin
C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D. Melatonin
E. Epinephrine
11. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by
A. The anterior pituitary
B. The posterior pituitary
C. The placenta
D. The thymus
E. The pineal gland
12. The use of a chemical messenger to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue is referred to as ___________ communication.
A. direct
B. paracrine
C. hormonal
D. endocrine
E. autocrine
13. Cyclic-AMP functions as a second messenger to
A. Build proteins and catalyze specific reactions
B. Activates adenylate cyclase
C. Open ion channels and activate key enzymes in the cytoplasm
C. Open ion channels and activate key enzymes in the cytoplasm
E. Binds the receptor within the cytoplasm
14. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of
A. Thyroid hormones by the hypothalamus
B. Gonadotropins by the adrenal glands
C. Growth hormones by the hypothalamus
D. Steroid hormones by the adrenal glands
E. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) from ventricle
15. FSH production in male supports
A. The maturation of sperm by stimulating nurse cells
B. The development of muscles and strength
C. The production of male sex hormones
D. An increased desire for sexual activity
E. The production of testosterone
16. The two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are
A. GH and gonadotropin
B. Estrogen and progesterone
C. GH and prolactin
D. ADH and oxytocin
E. Oxytocin and PRL
17. A cell’s hormonal sensitivities are determined by the
A. Chemical nature of the hormone
B. Quantity of circulating hormone
C. Shape of the hormone molecules
D. Presence or absence of appropriate receptors
E. Blood flow
18. Low plasma calcium intake causes
A. a PTH-mediated increase in 25-OH D
B. A decrease in renal 1-hydroxylase activity
C. A decrease in the urinary excretion of calcium
D. An increase in vitamin D release from the skin
E. A decrease fat soluble vitamin in blood
19. Role of melatonin
A. Antioxidant effect as vitamin E
B. Participates in metabolism of glucose
C. Produce hyperglycemia
D. Produce low blood plasma calcium
E. Increase oxidation reaction in the cells
20. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), released by
A. Muscle cells in atria of heart in response to high blood pressure
B. Muscle cells in ventricle of heart in response to high blood pressure
C. Muscle cells in atria of heart in response to low blood pressure
D. Papillary muscle of heart
E. Atrioventricular node of heart
21. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in human it is produced mainly in
A. The cardiac ventricle
B. Muscle cells in atrium of heart in response to high blood pressure
C. In liver
D. In kidneys in response to high blood pressure
E. Muscle cells in atria of heart
22. The second messenger of insulin is
A. Tyrosine kinase
B. cyclic AMP
C. Calcium ion
D. cyclic GMP
E. co-factor as calcium
23. The second messenger of growth hormone, leptin and prolactin
A. JAK STAT (Janus kinases, signal transducers and activators of transcription)
B. cyclic GMP
C. DAG, (diacylglycerol)
D. IP3 (inositol triphosphate)
E. cyclic AMP
24. Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary
A. Are steroids
B. Transported to the posterior pituitary within axons
C. includes GH and TSH
D. Produced in the anterior pituitary
E. Produced in brainstem
25. Which of these stimulates the secretion of ADH?
A. Elevated blood osmolality
B. Decreased blood osmolality
C. ACTH
D. Increased blood pressure
E. hyperglycemia
26. Oxytocin is responsible for
A. Preventing milk release from the mammary glands
B. Maintaining normal calcium levels
C. Causing contraction of uterus
D. Increasing metabolic rate
E. Causing contraction breast milk
27. Growth hormone
A. Increases the usage of glucose
B. Increases the breakdown of lipid
C. Decreases the synthesis of protein
D. Decreases the synthesis of glycogen
E. Decreases the breakdown of lipid
28. Which of these hormones stimulates somatomedin secretion?
A. FSH
B. GH
C. LH
D. prolactin
E. catecholamine
29. Hypersecretion of growth hormone
A. Results in giantism if occurs in adults
B. Causes acromegaly in children
C. Will be developed diabetes and can lead to severe atherosclerosis
D. Causes hypertrophy of genital organ
E. Will be developed diabetes insipidus in children
30. LH and FSH
A. Are produced in the hypothalamus and inhibit the production of prolactin
B. Production is increased by TSH
C. Promotes the production of gametes and reproductive hormones
D. Causes hypertrophy of genital organ
E. Produced by anterior pituitary and inhibit the production of inhibin and testosterone
31. T3 and T4
A. Requires iron for their production
B. Made from the amino acid tryptophan
C. Transported in the blood bound to thyroxin-binding globulin
D. Derivatives of arachidonic acid
E. Requires receptor on the cell membrane
32. Which of these symptoms is associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?
A. hypertension
B. nervousness
C. diarrhea, weight loss with a normal or an increased food intake
D. Decreased metabolic rate
E. Increased body temperature in cold weather
33. Which of these conditions most likely occurs if a healthy person receives an injection of T3 and T4?
A. The secretion rate of TSH declines
B. The person develops symptoms of hypothyroidism
C. The person develops hypercalcemia
D. The person secretes more TRH
E. The secretion rate of TSH is elevated
34. Which of these occurs as a response to a thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland)?
A. Increased calcitonin secretion
B. increased T3 and T4 secretion
C. decreased TRH secretion
D. increased TSH secretion
E. decreased TSH secretion
35. Calcitonin
A. Is secreted by the parathyroid glands
B. Levels increase when blood calcium levels decrease
C. Causes blood calcium levels to decrease
D. Insufficiency results in weak bones and tetany
E. Causes kidney stone formation and hyperphosphatemia
36. If parathyroid hormone levels increase, which of these conditions is expected?
A. Osteoclast activity is increased
B. Calcium absorption from the small intestine is inhibited
C. Calcium reabsorption from the urine is inhibited
D. Less active vitamin D is formed in the kidneys
E. Hyperphosphatemia
37. The adrenal medulla
A. Produces steroids
B. Has cortisol as its major secretory product
C. Decreases its secretions during exercise
D. Is formed from a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS
E. Produces dopamine and other catecholamine
38. Which of these substances, produced by many tissues of the body, can promote inflammation, pain, and vasodilation of blood vessels?
A. endorphin
B. Epidermal growth factor
C. enkephalin
D. prostaglandin
E. histamine
39. Which of these changes does not decrease with aging of the endocrine system?
A. GH secretion
B. Melatonin secretion
C. Thyroid hormone secretion
D. Parathyroid hormone secretion
E. PRL
40. Which is not a symptom of Cushing’s disease?
A. High blood pressure
B. Bone loss
C. Suppressed immune function
D. goiter
E. hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose)
41. Choose the correct statement
A. During times of stress, cortisol acts as an anabolic hormone in muscle and adipose tissue
B. A deficiency of T3, T4 would result in increased cellular concentrations of Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in target tissues
C. The posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by long portal vessels
D. Adrenal insufficiency often results in increased blood pressure and increased plasma glucose concentrations
E. A lack of iodine in the diet will not have a significant effect on the concentration of circulating thyroid hormone for at least several weeks
42. A lower-than-normal concentration of plasma Ca2+ causes
A. a PTH-mediated increase in 25-OH D
B. A decrease in renal 1-hydroxylase activity
C. A decrease in the urinary excretion of Ca2+
D. A decrease in bone resorption
E. An increase in vitamin D release from the skin
43. Which of the following is not consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism?
A. hypercalcemia
B. Increased plasma 1,25-(OH)2D
C. Increased urinary excretion of phosphate ions
D. A decrease in Ca2+ resorption from bone
E. An increase in Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidney
44. The term higher brain centers refers to those areas of the brain involved in higher-order functions. These centers would probably include nuclei, centers, and cortical areas of
A. The cerebrum
B. The cerebellum
C. The diencephalon
D. All of these
E. A and c only
45. Which of the following is the site of cerebrospinal fluid production?
A. Dural sinus
B. Choroid plexus
C. Falx cerebri
D. Tentorium cerebelli
E. insula
46. The pons contains
A. Sensory and motor nuclei for six cranial nerves
B. Nuclei concerned with control of blood pressure
C. Tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem
D. No ascending or descending tracts
E. Both a and b
47. Cerebro spinal fluid is produced and secreted by
A. neurons
B. Ependymal cells
C. Purkinje cells
D. Basal nuclei
48. The primary purpose of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is to
A. Provides the brain with oxygenated blood
B. Drains venous blood via the internal jugular veins
C. Isolate neural tissue in the CNS from the general circulation
D. Does all of these
49. The centers in the pons that modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata are the
A. Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
B. Inferior and superior peduncles
C. Cardiac and vasomotor centers
D. Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
50. The final relay point for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex is the
A. hypothalamus
B. thalamus
C. Spinal cord
D. Medulla oblongata
51. The establishment of emotional states is a function of the
A. Limbic system
B. tectum
C. Mamillary bodies
D. thalamus
52. Coordination of learned movement patterns at the subconscious level is performed by
A. The cerebellum
B. The substantia nigra
C. Association fibers
D. The hypothalamus
53. Which of these statements about the precentral gyrus is true?
A. It is involved in motor control.
B. It is involved in sensory perception.
C. It is located in the frontal lobe
D. Answer a and c are true
54. In most people, the right hemisphere controls movement of
A. The right side of the body primarily
B. The left side of the body primarily
C. Both the right and left sides of the body equally
D. The head and neck only
55. Which of these statements about the basal nuclei is true?
A. They are located in the cerebrum
B. They contain the caudate nucleus
C. They are involved in motor control
D. They are part of the extrapyramidal system
E. All of these are true
56. Which of these acts as a relay center for somatesthetic sensation?
A. The thalamus
B. The b. The hypothalamushypothalamus
C. The red nucleus
D. The cerebellum
57. Which of these statements about the medulla oblongata is false?
A. It contains nuclei for some cranial nerves
B. It contains the apneustic center
C. It contains the vasomotor center
D. It contains ascending and descending fiber tracts
58. The reticular activating system is
A. Composed of neurons that are part of the reticular formation
B. Loose arrangement of neurons with many interconnecting synapses
C. Located in the brain stem and midbrain
D. Described correctly by all of these
59. In the control of emotion and motivation, the limbic system works together with the
A. Pons
B. Thalamus
C. Hypothalamus
D. Cerebellum, the basal nuclei
60. Verbal ability predominates in the
A. Left hemisphere of right-handed people
B. Left hemisphere of most left-handed people
C. Right hemisphere of 97% of all people
D. Both a and b
61. Consolidation of shortterm memory into longterm memory appears to be a function of the
A. Substantia Nigra
B. Hippocampus
C. Cerebral peduncles
D. Precentral gyrus
62. Comprehension good; can speak and write, but cannot read (although can see).
A. Damage to Broca’s area
B. Damage to Wernicke’s area
C. Damage to angular gyrus
D. Damage to precentral gyrus
63. Comprehension good; speech is slow and difficult (but motor ability is not damaged).
A. Damage to Broca’s area
B. Damage to Wernicke’s area
C. Damage to angular gyrus
D. Damage to precentral gyrus
64. Comprehension poor; speech is fluent but meaningless.
A. Damage to Broca’s area
B. Damage to Wernicke’s area
C. Damage to angular gyrus
D. Damage to precentral gyrus
65. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are synthesized by supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, which are located in the
A. Thalamus
B. Pineal gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Hypothalamus
66. The superior colliculi are twin bodies within the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain that are involved in
A. Visual reflexes
B. Auditory reflexes
C. Relaying of cutaneous information
D. Release of pituitary hormones
67. The consolidation of declarative memory requires the____________; working memory requires the ____________.
A. Occipital lobe; hippocampus
B. Medial temporal lobe; prefrontal cortex
C. Frontal lobe; amygdala
D. Hypothalamus; precentral gyrus
68. Important centers for heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting are located in the
A. cerebrum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. midbrain, cerebellum
D. pons
69. Important respiratory centers are located in the
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Pons and medulla oblongata
D. Midbrain
70. The major relay station for sensory input that projects to the cerebral cortex is the
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Pons
D. Midbrain
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