Physiology final - take the quiz

A muscle fiber is the same thing as a muscle cell.

The outer connective tissue on a muscle is the

What 2 molecules carried on actin help in making the binding site on actin become available?

A muscle fascicle is surrounded by the perimysium.

A tendon is made of connective tissue.

Myosin is a thin filament.

Myosin remains attached to actin until ATP attaches to the Myosin Head

Actin is a thick filament.

What causes the myosin crossbridge to stay attached to actin?

__________ is the protein the covers the binding site on actin

Large concentrations of ____________ are found in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

What system initiates the muscle contraction?

Myofibrils are found in Cardiac Muscles

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac are the kinds of muscles.

A sarcomere is made of the thick and thin myofilaments.

Muscle cells have _______ mitochondria due to a ______ need for ATP molecules.

The muscle that compresses the cheeks is the _________.

A decrease in muscle bulk, or a “wasting away of the muscle”, due to the lack of exercise is called

List from Smallest to Largest

The release of calcium ions in a muscle cell causes the head of the myosin to get ready or “cocked”.

This muscle is a broad triangular muscle of the lower back.

Another name for a wide, flat tendon is a Aponeurosis

A tendon is made of _____________.

Calcium ions binds with ________ which then allows myosin to bind with actin.

How many bones are in the body

The Muscle that closes the jaw.

The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction is acetylcholine

Of the four structural levels of a protein, the ----- secondary-----structure is the level that focuses on the sequence of amino acids.

Jay is competing in a chin-up competition. What types of muscle contractions are occuring in his bicep muscles: A. Immediately after he grabs the bar? B. As his body begins to move upward toward the bar? C. When his body begins to approach the ground?

The disease that results in the gradual destruction of the myelin sheath around CNS fibers that results in nerve signals not reaching their intended target is called -----Multiple Sclerosis

Depolarization occurs when ________ ions rush into the neuron.

The electrical condition of the resting neuron is

Which part of Phineas Gage's brain was most damaged?

This cells that forms the myelin sheath around the nerve cells in the CNS are called

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the "fight or flight" response in humans is called the_______________.

Immediately after an action potential travels down the axon, the period where the neuron can no longer be stimulated is known as what?

This cells that forms the myelin sheath around the nerve cells in the PNS are called

The sodium-potassium pump works to move sodium out of the cell and potassium back into the the cell.

The electrical signal sent down nerve cells are also called "action potentials".

Since the myelin sheath is formed by many individual cells, it has gaps, or indentations, called ---------schwann cells.

The sodium-potassium pump works by diffusion and does not require ATP.

The function of the myelin sheath is to -------speed up-------transmission of impulses.

Preventing Tay-Sachs disease is best done by genetic counseling of people of Jewish origin.

In most cases we do not know the cause of Parkinson's disease.

Creates pressure in the brain:

A. Associated with numbness or pain down back of the leg----B. Degenerative disorder with shaking or tremors-----C. Virus results in destruction of motor neurons of spinal nerves------ D. Associated with repeated seizure -----E. Damage to motor areas of brain during fetal life or at birth-------F. Can cause paralysis of extremities-------G. Fatal inherited disease H. Pain felt in side of jaw or cheek that is repeated I. Severe reading difficulty

Ecatasy primarily affects the neurotransmitter _________

______________ is a reflex technique usually used to observe reflexes in infants 2 years and under. It involves moving an object along the sole of the feet and observing the reaction.

(ligand gated ion channel) is the type of protein that is located on the post-synaptic membrane that allows the influx of sodium ions if a specific chemical binds to this protein.

What are the three major parts of the diencephalon?

The----temporal--- lobe is responsible for processing smelling and hearing.

Alcohol primary affects the neurotransmitter________

Your sense of taste is referred to as Glossopharyngeal.

Controls lateral Eye movement

Controls muscles of the tongue and neck

Organs of the chest and abdomen

Controls external muscles of the eye

Carries sensory information for most of the head, neck, sinuses, and face

A. Sense of sight B.Sense Of hearing C. Sense of Smell D. Sense of Taste E. Moving your eye

At rest, the voltage across the membrane of the a neuron's axon is _________

Movement of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle

A. Conducting sensory impulse from the lower teeth B. Adjusting the amount of light entering the eyes C. Stimulating salivary secretion

Steroid hormones can bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

As a result of overstimulating, many times a cell will_________ the part of the cell membrane responsible for receiving the signal hormone. This is what causes type 2 diabetes and can be observed with neurotransmitters as well.

When blood glucose levels fall, _______ hormone is released.

Parathyroid glands produce a hormone that increases the level of ________ ions in the blood?

The ------Adrenal-------gland is the gland found superior to the kidney.

Thyroid hormones contain the element ____________ which is usually obtained in the salt people consume in this country.

The two main lifestyle factors that can lead to Type 2 diabetes are _______ which helps regulate your energy utilization and _______ specifically the amount of sugar consumed.

When blood glucose level rises ______ hormone is secreted

_______________ is the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.

___________ is the hormone that dominates in an emergency or extreme stress situation.

The gland that lies in the abdominopelvic cavity between the stomach and the small intestine is the ________ gland.

Type 2 Diabetes occurs when the bodys cells no longer respond to the hormone ________. On a cellular level, what is occuring is the hormone is not binding to its ______.

____________ is the pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes.

Aldoesterone is produced by the-----Thyroid------gland.

The testes are mainly responsible for producing the hormone-----progesterone.

_______ glands secrete hormones into the__________ while ________ glands secrete hormones into ducts that take the hormone to the surface of the body or into a body cavity.

Endocrine cells release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.

In a condition known as seasonal affective disorder, doctors and scientists believe it may be caused by increase in the hormone__________.

Steroid Hormones cannot diffuse through cell membranes

_________ hormone is the hormone that helps to protect the body from long term stressful situation such as during extended illness or after surgery.

___________ is the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production by mammary glands.

The Endocrine system produces effects that last for hours, days, or even longer

Contractions during pregnancy are usually caused by the release of the hormone _______ sometimes also called the "love hormone".

(Do not check in box: For study Only) 5 different regions of the vertebrae and number of vertebrae per region: 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacrum 4 Coccyx

Bone forming cells are called 1. Bone destroying cells are called 2..(Do not check in box: For study Only)

Contrast the axial vs appendicular skeleton (Do not check in box: For study Only)

(Do not check in box: For study Only) 3 nutrients that are important for bone formation and growth:

(Do not check in box: For study Only) Contrast: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and synovial joints and examples

(Do not check in box: For study Only) List and describe the 3 types of muscles

(Do not check in box: For study Only) Compare Isotonic and isometric contraction

(Do not check in box: For study Only) Contract endurance vs resistance exercise

(Do not check in box: For study Only) 5 basic components of reflex arc (Dont check box: For study only)

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in the

Parietal cells secrete ____________

From the video, about what percentage of your immune cells are found in your digestive system?

There are some individuals who cannot digest the sugar lactose. This is because their bodies do not produce the enzyme_________ that breaks it down.

The teeth best adapted for cutting off relatively large pieces of food are the

Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive materials are called

In order to help move fecal matter out of your digestive tract, you should increase the amount of cellulose you consume

If you flattened the small intestined so the interior surface was stretched out and smooth, about how much surface area would it cover?

Chief cells secrete

In the lab, what was used to indicate the presence of starch in your solution?

We added ___________ to one of the protein test tubes to increase the pH of the solution in that test tube.

Gastric pits are

Which one of these is NOT a function of the tongue?

Functions of the stomach include

The _________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for grinding and crushing

_________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity

The enzyme pepsin digests

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract EXCEPT one, identify the exception.

From the video, they mentioned that cooking releases how much more energy from food?

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract from one point to another are called

In the lab, what was being used as an indicator of the pH of your solution during lipid digestion?

Most of the digestive tract is lined by

Antibiotics is the common treatment for someone who is diagnosed with gastric uclers?

Most digestion in the body occurs in the large intestine

The main part of the stomach is called the

Salivary amylase functions to digest

Bile is stored in the

The curved, funnel-shaped portion of the stomach is the

Sucrose is common table sugar. It is a type of sugar referred to as a ---disaccharide--, which has two simple sugars bonded together. The two sugars that make up a sucrose molecule are ----fructose---and ----glucose---.

1. Prevents backflow of blood 2. Right Ventricle pumps blood to ________ 3. Left ventricle pumps blood to _________ 4. Largest vein in the body 5. Largest artery of the body

Systolic pressure is created when the heart is --------relaxed.

Tachycardia means abnormally fast heart

Which of the following carries oxygenated blood?

Valves that prevent backward flow into the atrium are:

Blood pressure is the pressure of blood on the inside wall of -----veins.

A valve problem is generally called a heart ----valve disease------by doctors.

AED stands for automated external defibrillator

The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are both atrioventricular valves.

The protective membrane covering of the heart is called the pericardium

Which would be an indication of hypertension?

The "lubb""dubb" sound of the heart is caused by valves closing

Which of the following carries deoxygenated blood?

The significance of the heart sounds "lubbdubb" is

Cardiac output is defined as

1. Receiving chambers of the heart 2. Discharging chamber of the heart 3. Arteries that nourish the myocardium 4. Inner heart layer 5. Outer heart layer

Abnormally slow heartbeat is

The bundled branches and purkinje fibers are part of the ----Electrical conduction----- system of the heart

The Sinoatrial node or "peacemaker" for the heart is found in the right atrium

The aortic and pulmonary valves are both semilunar valves