Cognitive quiz Week 4 terms

What is the key difference between heuristics and algorithms in decision-making?

Heuristics are systematic, step-by-step problem-solving methods, while algorithms are mental shortcuts.

Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb, while algorithms are systematic, step-by-step problem-solving methods.

Heuristics and algorithms are synonymous and can be used interchangeably.

Heuristics involve in-depth analysis and consideration of all available information, while algorithms rely on intuition and gut feelings.

Which of the following best distinguishes a cognitive bias from a cognitive error in decision-making?

Cognitive biases involve systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality, while cognitive errors are random and unpredictable.

Cognitive biases result from a lack of information or misunderstanding, while cognitive errors occur when individuals follow heuristics correctly.

Cognitive biases are mental shortcuts that help individuals make quick decisions, while cognitive errors arise from overthinking and overanalyzing.

Cognitive biases are objective and unbiased judgments, while cognitive errors are subjective and emotionally influenced.

What is the availability heuristic?

It is a cognitive bias that involves judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory.

It refers to the accurate and unbiased retrieval of information from long-term memory.

It is a cognitive error that results from the excessive use of algorithms in decision-making.

It is a cognitive bias that leads to rational and objective decision-making.

Which of the following situations best illustrates the availability heuristic?

Mark calculates the odds of his favorite sports team winning the championship based on their performance statistics.

Susan carefully reviews the weather forecast and packs an umbrella before leaving for a trip.

Michael uses statistical data to assess the risk of a car accident when choosing his daily commute route.

Jane believes she has a higher chance of winning the lottery because she recently read about a jackpot winner in the news.

In a complex scenario involving medical diagnoses, participants are asked to evaluate a rare disease's likelihood in two separate conditions. In the first condition, they are provided with accurate base rate information for the disease, while in the second condition, this crucial data is intentionally omitted. Participants consistently give significantly higher estimates of the disease's likelihood in the second condition. Which cognitive bias is most likely at play in this situation?

Representativeness Heuristic

Anchoring and Adjustment

Availability Heuristic

Hindsight Bias

Which of the following best describes the Representativeness Heuristic in decision-making and judgment?

A cognitive shortcut where people make judgments based on the likelihood of an event happening, ignoring relevant base rate information.

A cognitive bias that occurs when people rely on the first piece of information encountered (the "anchor") when making decisions.

A cognitive process where people seek information that confirms their preconceptions and ignore information that challenges them.

A cognitive tendency to make decisions based on the similarity of an event or person to a prototype.

You are watching a recorded sports match that you've never seen before. As you watch, you find yourself thinking, "I knew they were going to win this game!" This phenomenon is an example of:

Confirmation bias

Availability heuristic

Hindsight bias

Anchoring effect

Which of the following best describes the key difference between the Conjunction Fallacy and Confirmation Bias?

The Conjunction Fallacy occurs when people believe a specific combination of events is more likely than a single event, while Confirmation Bias involves seeking or interpreting information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.

The Conjunction Fallacy is a form of biased information search, whereas Confirmation Bias relates to the overestimation of the probability of compound events.

The Conjunction Fallacy is primarily concerned with the overconfidence in one's predictions, while Confirmation Bias focuses on the overconfidence in the accuracy of one's memory.

The Conjunction Fallacy is a cognitive shortcut that simplifies decision-making, while Confirmation Bias is a logical fallacy that misinterprets statistical probabilities.

What is one of the original distinctions between System 1 and System 2 thinking proposed by Daniel Kahneman?

System 1 is fast and automatic, while System 2 is slow and deliberate.

System 1 is conscious, while System 2 is unconscious.

System 1 is logical and rational, while System 2 is emotional.

System 1 is only used in emergencies, while System 2 is used in everyday decisions.

Which property distinguishes the newer Working Memory (WM) difference from the original 4-fold difference between System 1 and System 2?

The newer WM difference includes emotional processing, while the original distinction does not.

The original 4-fold difference accounts for reasoning, while the WM difference does not.

The newer WM difference focuses on the speed of decision-making, while the original distinction does not.

The original 4-fold difference emphasizes conscious, controlled thinking, while the WM difference involves unconscious, automatic thinking.

What does the concept of "effort-accuracy tradeoffs" in decision-making refer to?

The idea that more effort in decision-making always leads to greater accuracy.

The notion that people are willing to expend more effort when they need to make quick decisions.

The tradeoff between the cognitive effort invested in a decision and the resulting accuracy.

The idea that cognitive effort does not impact the accuracy of decisions.

What is the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) primarily designed to measure?

Verbal reasoning abilities.

Short-term memory capacity.

The ability to overcome intuitive but incorrect answers.

Creative problem-solving skills.

What cognitive processes are primarily responsible for the Belief Bias and Attribute Substitution phenomena?

System 1 thinking and confirmation bias

System 2 thinking and availability heuristic

Overcoming intuitive judgments and critical thinking

Cognitive shortcuts and substitution of complex questions

What characterizes System 1 thinking in decision-making?

Deliberate, slow, and effortful

Intuitive, automatic, and fast

Logical, analytical, and conscious

Reflective, cautious, and systematic

In a situation requiring complex problem-solving and critical thinking, which system becomes more active?

System 1

System 2

Both systems always work together

It depends on the individual's cognitive abilities and motivation

In the Deontic version of the Wason selection task, participants are asked to consider a rule involving permission and obligation. If the rule is "If you are drinking alcohol, then you must be over 21 years old," which card(s) should you turn over to test the rule?

The card with "16 years old" on one side and "drinking alcohol" on the other.

The card with "25 years old" on one side and "not drinking alcohol" on the other.

The card with "30 years old" on one side and "drinking alcohol" on the other

The card with "18 years old" on one side and "not drinking alcohol" on the other.

Which of the following best describes the Deontic version of the Wason selection task?

It is a test of logical reasoning involving cards with ages and drinking behaviors.

It is a card game to assess cognitive flexibility.

T is a task involving visual perception and pattern recognition.

It is a test of decision-making under social rules and permissions.

What is a common criticism of dual-process theory in the context of decision-making?

It oversimplifies complex cognitive processes.

It provides an accurate account of all human reasoning.

It emphasizes the importance of emotions in decision-making.

It suggests that System 2 thinking is always more accurate than System 1 thinking.

Which of the following best exemplifies automatization in cognitive processes?

A mathematician consciously solving complex equations step by step.

A chess grandmaster quickly recognizing winning moves without conscious thought.

An artist carefully planning and executing every brushstroke in a painting.

A beginner learning a new language and consciously translating each word.

Cognitive quiz Week 4 terms

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