General biot huiii

Are large, organic molecule such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Most of them are organic compounds and the functional group determines their chemical properties. Biomolecules have a huge variety of functions, such as storing energy, protection, etc.

Primary energy source of energy on all living organisms Made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen molecules

Sakcharon”- sugars made up of sugars classified either as simple or complex

Simple sugars with only one sugar unit Building blocks in the formation of complex sugars Highly soluble in water The most common simple sugar is composed mainly of 6 carbon atoms

Examples

Simple sugars with two sugars When two monosaccharides combine this cause this leads to the loss of water molecule known as condensation or dehydration synthesis Absorption of nutrients and buildup of molecules

Examples

Polysaccharide found in the outer coverings of crustaceans, fungi and insects. Hydrate and protect soft tissues. Use for medical, industrial, pharmaceutical and biotechnological purposes.

Found in plant cell wall serves as fiber source that reduce cholesterol in the body.

Storage carbohydrate in animals accumulated in the liver and muscle cells.

Storage carbohydrates in plants composed entirely hundred of glucose molecules found in potato tubers, cassava, carrots, corn, and cereals

Lipids

Derived from the Greek word “lipos” meaning fat hydrophobic molecules (non-polar)

Lipids composed of one or more glycerol (alcohol containing carbon) and fatty acid molecules

Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and hormones Building blocks of cell membranes Prevents water loss and heat loss Source and storage of energy. It provides twice as much energy per pound as carbohydrates.

Solid at room temperature (found in animals; lard, margarine and butter)

Liquid state at room temperature (found mainly on plants; vegetable oil, corn oil, canola, olive oil)

Blood fats circulate in the bloodstream along with cholesterol

Composed of four-fused rings of carbon Examples are cholesterol, bile salts, sex hormones, and vitamin D.

Simple lipids composed of a long chain of alcohol bonded to a fatty acid. Found in plants, bees, ears Primary components of cosmetics, food products and medical supplies

Liver produces bile found in meat products, poultry, eggs and dairy products.

Found in the brain, lungs, and nerve tissues. Serves as surfactants reducing tension on the lungs to maintain its shape.

Amino acids

Made up of one or more peptides

Bonds between amino acids Polypeptide - chain of amino acids

Can be the hardest to digest. Are large, complex molecules made up of 20 varying amino acids.

Building blocks of protein polymers in chain composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Definition

Examples

Enzymes

Special proteins that speed up the chemical reaction including photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis A biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of reaction hence speeding up the reaction some enzymes help break down large molecules into smaller ones, others build up large molecules from smaller ones and some enzymes help change one molecule into another.

Is the amount of substrate present that can be turned into a product. The lower the substrate concentration, the lower will be the rate of reaction. The higher the substrate concentration, the higher the frequency of reaction.

(factors) Most enzymes are active only at body temperature (37 degrees Celsius), but become inactive at very low temperature. Different enzymes have optimum working temperatures.

(factors) enhance enzyme activity

(factors) block substrate from binding with the said enzyme

(factors) Changes in pH can disrupt weak interaction that hold proteins together and can cause an enzymes to denature (lose their precise shape). Once an enzymes has denatured, it will not function again.

The physical carrier of of inheritance that is passed from parents to offspring.

Functions of Nucleic Acids - Storage of genetic information Protein synthesis for transmit and express of genetic information

Made up of a five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.

Types of nucleic acids

Guanine (G) Adenine (A)

Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) Thymine (T)

The structure of DNA as a double-stranded helix molecule was first described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.

An organic molecule used for short-term energy storage and transport in the cell. Known as the energy currency of the cell. It is composed of three parts:

Is the transfer of energy from one chemical reaction to another.

The three phosphate groups in an ATP molecule are negatively charged. Having the same charge will tend to repel from each other. Thus, this means that the three phosphate groups are in an unstable arrangement. The third phosphate group is so eager to get further away from the two phosphate groups.

An organic molecule used for short-term energy storage and transport in the cell. Known as the energy currency of the cell. It is composed of three parts:

The formation of ATP to ADP is reversible. ATP and ADP are like charged and uncharged forms of a rechargeable battery. ATP (charged battery) has energy that can be used to power cellular processes or reactions. Once the energy is used up, ADP (uncharged battery/dead battery) needs to be recharged in order to be used as a power source. ATP regeneration reaction is the reverse of hydrolysis reaction

Energy is released

Energy is absorbed

Is the transfer of energy from one chemical reaction to another.

A process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule

Removes water in a molecule

The remaining free phosphate group and low-energy molecule is called

A bond between them is broken through ______(water-mediated breakdown) reaction releasing energy.

Process by which plants converts solar or light energy into chemical energy for food production.

Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of the plants, specifically in the middle layer known as

Where gases enter and exits the leaves.

Part of plant cell responsible for the process of photosynthesis

Important parts of the chloroplast:

Convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Occurs in the thylakoid where photosystems exist. Starts with photosystem II going to photosystem I Produces oxygen, ATP and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate),

Diffusion or movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase

Convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates or sugars. Does not require the presence of light In the Calvin Cycle, chemical energy (from the light reactions) and CO2 (from the atmosphere) are used to produce organic compounds (like glucose). Occurs in the stroma Produces glucose, ADP and NADP+ ( is the oxidized form of NADPH)

Small, specialized cellular organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP. “Powerhouse of the cell”

Is the process that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP. This process releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

Cellular respiration - reverse chemical reaction of photosynthesis. This chemical equation of cellular respiration is also a redox reaction. Because glucose has lost an electron, it is said to be oxidized. Meanwhile, oxygen has gained some electrons, so it is said to be reduced.

Used to generate usable ATP energy in order to support many other reactions in the body. ATP is particularly important for energetically unfavorable reactions that would otherwise not occur without an energy input. True or false is it important?

Is a set of metabolic reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen, occurring in a cell to convert chemical energy into ATPs.

Is the process of creating energy without the presence of oxygen.

Aerobic Pathway of Cellular Respiration 3 Stages

The process of sugars being broken down by enzymes in the absence of oxygen

NADH transfers its electrons directly to pyruvate, generating lactate or lactic acid ( C3H6O3) as a byproduct. Occurs in muscle cells, bacteria that make yogurt, and red blood cells

In which NADH donates its electrons to a derivative of pyruvate, producing ethanol. Alcohol fermentation by yeast produces the ethanol found in alcoholic drinks like beer and wine.

Using suitable microorganisms and specified conditions different kinds of fermentation products are formed namely:- Wine, Beer , Biofuels, Yoghurt, Pickles, Bread Sour foods containing lactic acid Certain antibiotics and vitamins

Using suitable microorganisms and specified conditions different kinds of fermentation products are formed namely:- Wine, Beer , Biofuels, Yoghurt, Pickles, Bread Sour foods containing lactic acid Certain antibiotics and vitamins

Other than the food industry, there are many other areas where the fermentation process is used. Methane is produced by fermentation in sewage treatment plants and freshwater sediments.

Fermentation can make food nutritious, digestible and flavoured. There are many benefits of consuming fermented food. It improves digestion and helps to maintain intestinal bacteria It has an anti-cancer effect. Improves immune system Reduces lactose intolerance