Wooly mammoths - We'll have dinosaur zoos with real woolly mammoths
Reviving the Woolly Mammoth: A Cloning Quiz
Explore the intriguing world of cloning and the possibilities of resurrecting extinct species, particularly the woolly mammoth. This quiz delves into the current advancements in cloning technology, ethical considerations, and public opinions regarding cloning.
- Test your knowledge on cloning techniques.
- Understand the timeline of significant cloning events.
- Engage with ethical dilemmas surrounding de-extinction.
Thanks to advances in cloning technology, we might be able to bring back animals like the woolly mammoths.
However, according to Akira Iritani, a professor at Kyoto University, "Now the technical problems have been overcome, all we need is a good sample of soft tissue from a frozen mammoth."
Russian scientists are working on doing just that, and the big question in the medical community isn't "is it possible," but "should we do it?"
Thanks to advances in cloning technology, we might be able to bring back animals like the woolly mammoths.
However, according to Akira Iritani, a professor at Kyoto University, "Now the technical problems have been overcome, all we need is a good sample of soft tissue from a frozen mammoth."
Russian scientists are working on doing just that, and the big question in the medical community isn't "is it possible," but "should we do it?"
Cloning in general and how the public sees it:
What is cloning in general? It generally describes the number of different processes which can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.
Cloning is not limited to technology. It can occur in nature, without technology having any active part in it. Some plants and single-celled organisms, like bacteria, produce genetically identical offspring.
Natural clones are also know to occurr in humans and other mammals, though the public generally referrs to those as twins, triplets etc.
Cloning in general and how the public sees it:
What is cloning in general? It generally describes the number of different processes which can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.
Cloning is not limited to technology. It can occur in nature, without technology having any active part in it. Some plants and single-celled organisms, like bacteria, produce genetically identical offspring.
Natural clones are also know to occurr in humans and other mammals, though the public generally referrs to those as twins, triplets etc.
Artificial cloning and differentiations we need to make:
Reproductive cloning:
Creates a fully living copy of an organism. Nuclei from body cells are transplanted into eggs which had their nucleus removed. After electrically stimulating the egg to start its divide, it is implanted into the uterus of a female.
Therapeutic cloning:
Nuclear transplantation of a patient's own cells makes an oocyte (female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction) from which immune-compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be derived for transplant. These cells are stimulated to divide and are grown in a petri dish rather than in the uterus.
Gene Cloning creates copies of genes or DNA fragments. Gene cloning is the most common form of cloning performed by researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute. Genes are cloned for scientists to study in a laboratory setting.
Artificial cloning and differentiations we need to make:
Reproductive cloning:
Creates a fully living copy of an organism. Nuclei from body cells are transplanted into eggs which had their nucleus removed. After electrically stimulating the egg to start its divide, it is implanted into the uterus of a female.
Therapeutic cloning:
Nuclear transplantation of a patient's own cells makes an oocyte (female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction) from which immune-compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be derived for transplant. These cells are stimulated to divide and are grown in a petri dish rather than in the uterus.
Gene Cloning creates copies of genes or DNA fragments. Gene cloning is the most common form of cloning performed by researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute. Genes are cloned for scientists to study in a laboratory setting.
Timeline of cloning advancements and happenings:
1952 - Scientists demonstrate they can remove the nucleus from a frog's egg, replace it with the nucleus of an embryonic frog cell, and get the egg to develop into a tadpole.
1963 - Chinese scientists reportedly create the first cloned fish by transferring the DNA from a male carp into the egg of a female carp.
1984 - A researcher in Britain claims that he has cloned the first mammal, a lamb that was produced via the nuclear transfer of sheep embryo cells.
February 22, 1997 - Scientists reveal Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from cells of an adult animal. She was actually born on July 5, 1996.
1998 - More than 50 mice are reportedly cloned from a single mouse over several generations. Separately, eight calves are reportedly cloned from a cow.
2000 - Pigs and a goat are reportedly cloned from adult cells.
2001 - Advanced Cell Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts, says it produced a six-cell cloned human embryo, in research aimed at harvesting stem cells. Separately, five bulls are cloned from a champion show cattle named Full Flush.
2002 - Rabbits and a kitten are reportedly cloned from adult cells.
December 27, 2002 - Clonaid claims to produce first human clone, a baby girl, Eve. The company declines to provide proof that Eve is a clone or even that she exists.
January 23, 2003 - Clonaid claims to have cloned the first baby boy. The baby was allegedly cloned from tissue taken from the Japanese couple's comatose 2-year-old boy, who was killed in an accident in 2001. Clonaid again declined to provide physical evidence of the cloning.
February 14, 2003 - The Roslin Institute confirms that Dolly, the world's first cloned mammal, was euthanized after being diagnosed with progressive lung disease. She was 6 years old.
May 4, 2003 - Scientists at the University of Idaho say they have cloned a mule, naming it Idaho Gem. Two additional mules are cloned that same year as part of a joint project between the University of Idaho and Utah State University.
August 6, 2003 - Scientists at the Laboratory of Reproductive Technology in Cremona, Italy, say they have created the world's first cloned horse, Prometea, from an adult cell taken from the horse who gave birth to her.
September 26, 2003 - The journal Science reports that French scientists at the National Institute of Agricultural Research at Joy en Josas, France, have cloned rats for the first time.
February 12, 2004 - South Korean researchers falsely report they have created human embryos through cloning and extracted embryonic stem cells. An investigative panel concludes in 2006 that the human stem cell cloning research was faked.
August 3, 2005 - South Korean researchers announce they have successfully cloned a dog, an afghan hound named Snuppy.
2008-2009 - Five cloned puppies from Trakr, a German Shepherd Sept.11 Ground Zero rescue dog, are born.
May 2009 - A clone of two-time quarter horse world champion Tailor Fit is born, one of several cloned horses born that year.
September 2011 - At South Korea's Incheon Airport, seven "super clone" sniffer-dogs are dispatched to detect contraband luggage. They are all golden Labrador Retrievers that are genetically identical to Chase, who was the top drug detention canine until he retired in 2007.
May 15, 2013 - Oregon Health & Science University researchers report in the journal Cell that they have successfully reprogrammed human skin cells back to their embryonic state.
April 2014 - For the first time, cloning technologies are used to generate stem cells that are genetically matched to adult patients. Scientists put the nucleus of an adult skin cell inside an egg and the reconstructed egg went through the initial stages of embryonic development, according to research published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.
January 24, 2018 - For the first time, scientists say they created cloned primates using the same complicated cloning technique that made Dolly the sheep in 1996. Shanghai scientists created two genetically identical long-tailed macaques. The research is published in the journal Cell.
February 18, 2021 - Scientists announce that for the first time, they have cloned an endangered US animal, creating a black-footed ferret named Elizabeth Ann from the frozen cells of an ancestor in a landmark achievement that boosts conservation efforts.
March 17, 2021 - Scientists announce in the journal Nature that they have generated a model of an early human embryo, called iBlastoids, by reprogramming skin cells. Researchers imagine its usage to include aiding with in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapies and the study of early human development. The model cannot develop into a human being.
Timeline of cloning advancements and happenings:
1952 - Scientists demonstrate they can remove the nucleus from a frog's egg, replace it with the nucleus of an embryonic frog cell, and get the egg to develop into a tadpole.
1963 - Chinese scientists reportedly create the first cloned fish by transferring the DNA from a male carp into the egg of a female carp.
1984 - A researcher in Britain claims that he has cloned the first mammal, a lamb that was produced via the nuclear transfer of sheep embryo cells.
February 22, 1997 - Scientists reveal Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from cells of an adult animal. She was actually born on July 5, 1996.
1998 - More than 50 mice are reportedly cloned from a single mouse over several generations. Separately, eight calves are reportedly cloned from a cow.
2000 - Pigs and a goat are reportedly cloned from adult cells.
2001 - Advanced Cell Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts, says it produced a six-cell cloned human embryo, in research aimed at harvesting stem cells. Separately, five bulls are cloned from a champion show cattle named Full Flush.
2002 - Rabbits and a kitten are reportedly cloned from adult cells.
December 27, 2002 - Clonaid claims to produce first human clone, a baby girl, Eve. The company declines to provide proof that Eve is a clone or even that she exists.
January 23, 2003 - Clonaid claims to have cloned the first baby boy. The baby was allegedly cloned from tissue taken from the Japanese couple's comatose 2-year-old boy, who was killed in an accident in 2001. Clonaid again declined to provide physical evidence of the cloning.
February 14, 2003 - The Roslin Institute confirms that Dolly, the world's first cloned mammal, was euthanized after being diagnosed with progressive lung disease. She was 6 years old.
May 4, 2003 - Scientists at the University of Idaho say they have cloned a mule, naming it Idaho Gem. Two additional mules are cloned that same year as part of a joint project between the University of Idaho and Utah State University.
August 6, 2003 - Scientists at the Laboratory of Reproductive Technology in Cremona, Italy, say they have created the world's first cloned horse, Prometea, from an adult cell taken from the horse who gave birth to her.
September 26, 2003 - The journal Science reports that French scientists at the National Institute of Agricultural Research at Joy en Josas, France, have cloned rats for the first time.
February 12, 2004 - South Korean researchers falsely report they have created human embryos through cloning and extracted embryonic stem cells. An investigative panel concludes in 2006 that the human stem cell cloning research was faked.
August 3, 2005 - South Korean researchers announce they have successfully cloned a dog, an afghan hound named Snuppy.
2008-2009 - Five cloned puppies from Trakr, a German Shepherd Sept.11 Ground Zero rescue dog, are born.
May 2009 - A clone of two-time quarter horse world champion Tailor Fit is born, one of several cloned horses born that year.
September 2011 - At South Korea's Incheon Airport, seven "super clone" sniffer-dogs are dispatched to detect contraband luggage. They are all golden Labrador Retrievers that are genetically identical to Chase, who was the top drug detention canine until he retired in 2007.
May 15, 2013 - Oregon Health & Science University researchers report in the journal Cell that they have successfully reprogrammed human skin cells back to their embryonic state.
April 2014 - For the first time, cloning technologies are used to generate stem cells that are genetically matched to adult patients. Scientists put the nucleus of an adult skin cell inside an egg and the reconstructed egg went through the initial stages of embryonic development, according to research published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.
January 24, 2018 - For the first time, scientists say they created cloned primates using the same complicated cloning technique that made Dolly the sheep in 1996. Shanghai scientists created two genetically identical long-tailed macaques. The research is published in the journal Cell.
February 18, 2021 - Scientists announce that for the first time, they have cloned an endangered US animal, creating a black-footed ferret named Elizabeth Ann from the frozen cells of an ancestor in a landmark achievement that boosts conservation efforts.
March 17, 2021 - Scientists announce in the journal Nature that they have generated a model of an early human embryo, called iBlastoids, by reprogramming skin cells. Researchers imagine its usage to include aiding with in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapies and the study of early human development. The model cannot develop into a human being.
Advancements in cloning are slowing down again
From the curve we can observe, that whilst advancements and achievements cloning technology were plenty in the years of 2000 to around 2008, they seem to be slowing down again.
Advancements in cloning are slowing down again
From the curve we can observe, that whilst advancements and achievements cloning technology were plenty in the years of 2000 to around 2008, they seem to be slowing down again.
Resurrecting extinct animals
◦ Scientists have already cloned endangered animals and can sequence DNA extracted from the bones and carcasses of long-dead, extinct animals.
◦ Efforts to bring the woolly mammoth got a $15 million investment.
◦ Bringing back the mammoth could help to
◦ restore the fragile Arctic tundra ecosystem
◦ combat the climate crisis
◦ preserve the endangered Asian elephant, to which the woolly mammoth is closely related
◦ It's a bold plan fraught with ethical issues.
Resurrecting extinct animals
◦ Scientists have already cloned endangered animals and can sequence DNA extracted from the bones and carcasses of long-dead, extinct animals.
◦ Efforts to bring the woolly mammoth got a $15 million investment.
◦ Bringing back the mammoth could help to
◦ restore the fragile Arctic tundra ecosystem
◦ combat the climate crisis
◦ preserve the endangered Asian elephant, to which the woolly mammoth is closely related
◦ It's a bold plan fraught with ethical issues.
Skepticism, ethics and morals
◦ The ability to restore endangered species might prove really important.
◦ It's unethical to use living elephants as surrogates to give birth to a genetically engineered animal.
◦ By bringing mammoths back and by placing them into the Arctic, you may engineer the Arctic to become a better place for carbon storage.
◦ Showcasing them in the zoo or in parks may make kids more interested in the past
◦ De-extinction is a controversial field
◦ Critics have referred to such practices as “playing god” and accused scientists in favour of de-extinction of hubris.
◦ Bringing back extinct species, whose ecological niches may no longer exist, may upset existing ecosystems
Skepticism, ethics and morals
◦ The ability to restore endangered species might prove really important.
◦ It's unethical to use living elephants as surrogates to give birth to a genetically engineered animal.
◦ By bringing mammoths back and by placing them into the Arctic, you may engineer the Arctic to become a better place for carbon storage.
◦ Showcasing them in the zoo or in parks may make kids more interested in the past
◦ De-extinction is a controversial field
◦ Critics have referred to such practices as “playing god” and accused scientists in favour of de-extinction of hubris.
◦ Bringing back extinct species, whose ecological niches may no longer exist, may upset existing ecosystems
Arguments against cloning:
- Based on information gained from previous cloning experiments, cloned mammals die younger and suffer prematurely from diseases such as arthritis. Cloned animals also have a higher risk of developing genetic defects and being born deformed or with a disease.
- Human cloning technology would potentially diminish the individuality or uniqueness of a cloned child. Even in instances where the child is cloned from someone other than their parents, it would not be very easy for them to develop a sense of self. It could also lead to the devaluation of clones when compared to a non-clone or original. Cloning would also infringe on the clone’s freedom, autonomy, and self-determination. Cloned children would be raised unavoidably in the shadow of the person they were cloned from.
- Human cloning technology would, in return for compensation, provide offspring with specific genetic makeup. Cloning a child would also require some patented reproductive procedure and technology that could be sold. Consequently, human cloning technology would lead society to view children and people as objects that can be designed and manufactured with specific characteristics. Buyers would theoretically want to pay top dollar for a cloned embryo of a Nobel Prize winner, celebrity, or any other prominent figure in society.
- Some experts have argued that societal hazards may be the least appreciated in discussions on human cloning technology. Such technology could, for example, lead to new and more effective forms of eugenics. In countries run by dictators, governments could engage in mass cloning of people who are “deemed” of proper genetic makeup. In democracies, human cloning technology could lead to free-market eugenics that could have a significant societal impact when coupled with bioengineering techniques. People could theoretically bioengineer their clones to have certain traits. When done on a mass scale, it would lead to a kind of a master race based on fashion.
- In March 2005, the United Nations General assembly approved a non-binding declaration that called on UN member states to ban all forms of human cloning as incompatible with the protection of human life and human dignity. The Declaration concluded efforts that had begun in 2001 with a proposal from Germany and France for a convention against the reproductive cloning of humans. The US and 83 other nations supported a ban on all human cloning technology for reproductive and therapeutic or experimental purposes. The other 34 nations, including the UK, Japan, and China, voted against the ban. While 37 countries abstained from the vote, and 36 countries were absent.
Arguments against cloning:
- Based on information gained from previous cloning experiments, cloned mammals die younger and suffer prematurely from diseases such as arthritis. Cloned animals also have a higher risk of developing genetic defects and being born deformed or with a disease.
- Human cloning technology would potentially diminish the individuality or uniqueness of a cloned child. Even in instances where the child is cloned from someone other than their parents, it would not be very easy for them to develop a sense of self. It could also lead to the devaluation of clones when compared to a non-clone or original. Cloning would also infringe on the clone’s freedom, autonomy, and self-determination. Cloned children would be raised unavoidably in the shadow of the person they were cloned from.
- Human cloning technology would, in return for compensation, provide offspring with specific genetic makeup. Cloning a child would also require some patented reproductive procedure and technology that could be sold. Consequently, human cloning technology would lead society to view children and people as objects that can be designed and manufactured with specific characteristics. Buyers would theoretically want to pay top dollar for a cloned embryo of a Nobel Prize winner, celebrity, or any other prominent figure in society.
- Some experts have argued that societal hazards may be the least appreciated in discussions on human cloning technology. Such technology could, for example, lead to new and more effective forms of eugenics. In countries run by dictators, governments could engage in mass cloning of people who are “deemed” of proper genetic makeup. In democracies, human cloning technology could lead to free-market eugenics that could have a significant societal impact when coupled with bioengineering techniques. People could theoretically bioengineer their clones to have certain traits. When done on a mass scale, it would lead to a kind of a master race based on fashion.
- In March 2005, the United Nations General assembly approved a non-binding declaration that called on UN member states to ban all forms of human cloning as incompatible with the protection of human life and human dignity. The Declaration concluded efforts that had begun in 2001 with a proposal from Germany and France for a convention against the reproductive cloning of humans. The US and 83 other nations supported a ban on all human cloning technology for reproductive and therapeutic or experimental purposes. The other 34 nations, including the UK, Japan, and China, voted against the ban. While 37 countries abstained from the vote, and 36 countries were absent.
Arguments in favor of cloning:
- Human cloning technology, once optimized, will have the ability to help infertile couples who cannot produce sperm or eggs to have children that are genetically related to them.
- The loss of a child is one of the worst tragedies that parents face. After such a painful ordeal, grief-stricken parents often wish they could have their perfect baby back. Human cloning technology could potentially allow parents to recreate a child or relative while seeking redress for their loss.
- The freedom to decide whether or not to have an offspring is an important concept of personal liberty. People have the right to utilize human cloning technology in the same way they have a right to other reproductive related procedures and technologies such as the In-vitro-fertilization or contraceptives. A parent’s right to bear a child through cloning should, therefore, be respected.
- Current knowledge of bioengineering coupled with human cloning technology could help many parents have offspring free of defective genetic material that could cause disorders and deadly diseases. In a case where both parents have recessive genes for the fatal disease, they could avoid more traditional methods that could result in a child with dominant genes, which would consequently lead to the disease.
- Human cloning technology could help children born with incurable diseases that can only be treated through a transplant, where donors with an organ match are not found.
Arguments in favor of cloning:
- Human cloning technology, once optimized, will have the ability to help infertile couples who cannot produce sperm or eggs to have children that are genetically related to them.
- The loss of a child is one of the worst tragedies that parents face. After such a painful ordeal, grief-stricken parents often wish they could have their perfect baby back. Human cloning technology could potentially allow parents to recreate a child or relative while seeking redress for their loss.
- The freedom to decide whether or not to have an offspring is an important concept of personal liberty. People have the right to utilize human cloning technology in the same way they have a right to other reproductive related procedures and technologies such as the In-vitro-fertilization or contraceptives. A parent’s right to bear a child through cloning should, therefore, be respected.
- Current knowledge of bioengineering coupled with human cloning technology could help many parents have offspring free of defective genetic material that could cause disorders and deadly diseases. In a case where both parents have recessive genes for the fatal disease, they could avoid more traditional methods that could result in a child with dominant genes, which would consequently lead to the disease.
- Human cloning technology could help children born with incurable diseases that can only be treated through a transplant, where donors with an organ match are not found.
Public opinion on cloning of animals and humans:
When it comes to the notion of resurrecting the wooly mammoth or reviving a favorite pet, Americans are becoming more accepting.
A new Gallup (global analytics and advice firm) poll has found that the moral acceptability of cloning animals has hit a new high. 40 percent of U.S. Adults morally accept cloning animals today, an increase on 31 percent recorded in 2010 and 29 percent in 2002.
The story is different when it comes to cloning humans, however. Only 16 percent of Americans think cloning a human would be morally acceptable, though that is still an increase on 2002 when the share was just seven percent.
Public opinion on cloning of animals and humans:
When it comes to the notion of resurrecting the wooly mammoth or reviving a favorite pet, Americans are becoming more accepting.
A new Gallup (global analytics and advice firm) poll has found that the moral acceptability of cloning animals has hit a new high. 40 percent of U.S. Adults morally accept cloning animals today, an increase on 31 percent recorded in 2010 and 29 percent in 2002.
The story is different when it comes to cloning humans, however. Only 16 percent of Americans think cloning a human would be morally acceptable, though that is still an increase on 2002 when the share was just seven percent.
Are you in favor of cloning?
Yes
Yes, if it is properly regulated
No
No, not even if it is properly regulated
I don't care / no answer
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