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Which type of process in petroleum refining most frequently addresses the environmental concerns from combustion of petroleum fuels?

Choose the statement below that best characterizes the trend in the U.S. Refineries in the last decade.

Increasing number of refineries and increasing refining capacity per refinery

Increasing number of refineries with decreasing refining capacity per refinery

Decreasing number of refineries with decreasing refining capacity per refinery

Decreasing number of refineries with increasing refining capacity per refinery

Constant number of refineries with increasing refining capacity per refinery

Mark the FALSE statement below.

Crude oil contains alkanes and aromatics.

Crude oil contains heteroatoms such as S, N, and O.

Crude oil contains alkenes (olefins).

Crude oil contains metals such as Ni and V.

Crude oil contains naphthenes.

Mark the false statement below.

Iso-alkanes have lower boiling points than n-alkanes with the same carbon number.

Organic sulfur compounds tend to concentrate in the lower boiling fractions of crude oil.

Vapor pressure of hydrocarbons decreases with the increasing carbon number.

Vapor pressure (RVP) is an important property of gasoline.

Naphthenes have higher densities than n-alkanes with the same carbon number.

Choose the statement below that correctly completes the following sentence. Characterization factors are calculated using...

Physical properties of crude oil.

Chemical properties of crude oil.

Molecular composition of crude oil.

Spectral properties of crude oil.

Heteroatom composition of crude oil.

Choose the statement below that correctly completes the following sentence. Crude oil is generally classified according to..

Which class of crude oil would best characterize the most desirable class of crude oil feedstock for the U.S. refineries?

The properties used in calculating the characterization factors relate to chemical composition of crude oil. Mark all of the statements given below that correctly explain this relationship.

These properties reflect the intermolecular forces that exist in a liquid.

These properties represent discreet intervals without any overlap between different liquid hydrocarbons.

These properties relate to the concentration of heteroatom species in crude oil.

These properties relate to energy needed to pull apart the molecules from one another in a liquid.

These properties are independent of the complex interaction between different hydrocarbon species in crude oil.

Please mark whether the following statement is true, or false. Vacuum is used for distilling crude oil because some compounds in crude oil will go through chemical change at lower temperatures than their atmospheric boiling point.

True

False

Choose the statement below that correctly completes the following sentence. High heteroatom contents are typically associated with highly..

Which of the following methods approaches the state of liquid-vapor equilibrium most closely during distillation?

Which of the following distillation methods best predicts the distribution of a feed stream between liquid and vapor products as the feed flows through a separation drum?

ASTM distillation temperature of a light gas oil sample at 95% vol distilled is 580°F, whereas the ASTM temperature of a heavy gas oil sample at 5% vol distilled is 575°F. Mark the correct statement below for the best assessment of the given data.

This represents an ASTM gap of 0°F.

This represents an ASTM gap of 5°F.

This represents a distillation efficiency of 85%.

This represents an ASTM overlap of -5°F.

This indicates maximum steam use in the column.

Heavy gas oil sample at 5% vol distilled is 575°F. Mark the correct statement below for the best assessment of the given data.

This represents a distillation efficiency of 85%.

This indicates maximum steam use in the column.

This represents an ASTM gap of 0°F.

This represents an ASTM gap of 5°F.

This represents an ASTM overlap of -5°F.

Choose the FALSE statement below.

Increasing the number of stages in a distillation column improves separation of the distillate components.

Increasing reflux ratio in a distillation column improves separation.

Equilibrium Flash Vaporization maximizes the reflux ratio to reach equilibrium.

Adding steam to a distillation column improves fractionation.

At full reflux there is no distillation product.

Choose ALL THE FALSE statements below.

Boiling point of a compound decreases with the decreasing pressure.

Boiling point does not depend on pressure.

Boiling point increases with the decreasing pressure.

Cyclohexane has a lower vapor pressure than n-hexane.

Higher vapor pressure means higher boiling point.

Compared to the processin of paraffinic crude oils, relatively low temperatures need to be used in vacuum distillation of aromatic crude oils to prevent possible coking in the distillation column.

True

False

Choose the statement below that would best complete the following sentence. Methane and ethane can be used in a refinery as..

Choose the statement below that would not correctly complete the following sentence. Disproportionation in visbreaking involves..

Formation of coke on the surface of visbreaker coils.

Formation of light distillates from VDR.

Production of fuel oil with a lower pour point than that of VDR.

Isomerization.

Carbon rejection.

Choose the statement below that would correctly complete the following sentence. Salt is removed from crude oil by..

Choose the FALSE statement below.

Equilibrium Flash Vaporization distillation does not have intentional reflux.

Adding steam to a distillation column improves fractionation.

At full reflux there is a perfectly well separated distillation product.

Increasing reflux ratio in a distillation column improves separation.

Ncreasing the number of stages in a distillation column improves separation of the distillate components.

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