Learning theory
What is the essence of the social cognitive learning approach?
Behaviour is primarily instinctual.
Behaviour is primarily learnt.
Behaviour is primarily inherited.
Behaviour is primarily determined by external factors.
Who are the main proponents of the social cognitive learning approach?
Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner
Julian Rotter, Albert Bandura, and Walter Mischel
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
How do social cognitive theorists see human nature?
They believe human behaviour is solely determined by genetics.
They believe human behaviour is solely determined by unconscious impulses.
They believe human behaviour is solely determined by the environment.
They acknowledge internal and external factors in explaining human development and behaviour.
What is reciprocal determinism?
Behaviour is determined by the continuous interaction between the person, the situation, and the behaviour.
Behaviour is determined solely by the person's internal factors.
Behaviour is determined solely by the person's past experiences.
Behaviour is determined solely by the situation and external factors.
How do social cognitive theorists explain motivation?
Behaviour is motivated solely by external rewards and punishments.
Behaviour is motivated solely by unconscious desires.
Behaviour is motivated solely by biological needs.
Behaviour is motivated by the interaction between the individual and their environment.
What is the basic prediction formula proposed by Julian Rotter?
Behaviour potential is a function of external rewards and punishments.
Behaviour potential is a function of expectancy and reinforcement value.
Behaviour potential is a function of unconscious impulses.
Behaviour potential is a function of needs and drives.
What is locus of control?
The degree to which people believe their lives are controlled by external forces.
The degree to which people believe their lives are controlled by fate.
The degree to which people believe their lives are controlled by luck.
The degree to which people believe they have control over their lives.
What capabilities do individuals possess according to Albert Bandura?
Encoding, decoding, memorizing, and analyzing capabilities.
Imagining, dreaming, and fantasizing capabilities.
Perceiving, reacting, and adapting capabilities.
Symbolizing, forethought, vicarious, self-regulatory, and self-reflective capabilities.
What person variables did Walter Mischel highlight?
Encoding, decoding, memorizing, and analyzing strategies.
Perceiving, reacting, and adapting strategies.
Imagining, dreaming, and fantasizing strategies.
Encoding strategies, expectancy, beliefs, goals, and self-regulation.
How do social cognitive learning theorists view the structure of personality?
They believe personality is solely determined by the environment.
They believe personality is solely determined by genetics.
They focus on the functioning and dynamics of the personality rather than a fixed structure.
They believe personality consists of a set of fixed parts.
According to the Social Cognitive Learning Theory, what are the three forms of learning?
Learning through direct experience, classical conditioning, operant conditioning
Learning through direct experience, observational learning, learning through self-regulation
Learning through direct experience, classical conditioning, observational learning
Learning through direct experience, operant conditioning, observational learning
What is direct reinforcement in the context of the Social Cognitive Learning Theory?
When individuals punish their own behavior
When individuals reward their own behavior
When individuals receive rewards for their behavior from external sources
When individuals observe others being rewarded for their behavior
What is observational learning?
Learning through self-regulation
The behavior of one person changes as a result of observing the behavior of another
Learning through direct experience
Learning through classical conditioning
What are the three aspects of observational learning?
Attention, retention, reproduction
Attention, reinforcement, imitation
Retention, imitation, reinforcement
Retention, reinforcement, reproduction
What are some factors that influence observational learning?
The nature of the modeled behavior, the characteristics of the model, the characteristics of the observer
The characteristics of the model, the characteristics of the observer, the results of the model's behavior
The nature of the modeled behavior, the characteristics of the model, the results of the model's behavior
The nature of the observed behavior, the characteristics of the observer, the results of the model's behavior
What is self-regulation in the context of the Social Cognitive Learning Theory?
When individuals reward their own behavior
The individual's ability to regulate their own behavior, particularly their learning processes
When individuals observe others being rewarded for their behavior
When individuals receive rewards for their behavior from external sources
What are the two basic types of self-regulation?
External self-regulation, self-reinforcement
External self-regulation, self-punishment
Internal self-regulation, self-reinforcement
Internal self-regulation, external self-regulation
According to the Social Cognitive Learning Theory, does development occur throughout the entire lifespan?
Possibly
Maybe
No
Yes
According to SCLT, how does development occur?
By focusing on specific kinds of behavior
By distinguishing between different developmental stages
By providing a description of the developmental process
As an ongoing process of change resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors
What does SCLT consider as optimal development?
Being adjusted or maladjusted behavior
Being good or bad behavior
Recognizing and considering relevant factors for effective functioning and producing behavior that meets one's own standards
Having overestimated or underestimated self-efficacy perception
How does SCLT view pathological or undesirable behavior patterns?
As learned behavior, similar to any other form of behavior
As genetically determined behavior
As behavior that cannot be changed
As behavior caused by environmental factors
What is a characteristic of learned helplessness?
High self-efficacy perception
Ability to make the connection between behavior and its results
Positive mental attitude
Emotional disturbance, reduced motivation, and cognitive deficiency
What is pessimism?
A negative mental attitude anticipating an undesirable outcome
A lack of self-efficacy perception
An inability to make the connection between behavior and its results
A positive mental attitude anticipating a desirable outcome
According to SCLT, what factors contribute to effective functioning?
Underestimating one's own abilities
Ignoring the factors in each situation
Overestimating one's own abilities
Recognizing and considering relevant factors in each situation
What is the focus of SCLT?
Distinguishing between different developmental stages
Understanding genetic and environmental factors
How specific kinds of behavior develop
Providing a description of the developmental process
How does SCLT define development?
A process of learning specific behaviors
A process of distinguishing between different developmental stages
A fixed and unchangeable state
An ongoing process of change resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors
What may lead to the development of undesirable/negative types of behavior?
A lack of self-efficacy
High self-efficacy perception
Recognizing and considering relevant factors
Realistic self-efficacy perception
What are certain cognitive styles linked to?
The development of recognizing and considering relevant factors
The development of realistic self-efficacy perception
The development of pathological behavior patterns
The development of optimal behavior patterns
According to the Social Cognitive Learning Theory, behaviour is the result of an interaction between which three factors?
The person, the behavior, and the environment
The situation, the environment, and the behavior
The person, the situation, and the behavior that takes place in the situation
The person, the situation, and the environment
The person, the environment, and the behavior
What does Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism state?
Behavior is determined by the interaction of the person, the situation, and the behavior that takes place in the situation
Behavior is determined by the interaction of the person and the situation
Behavior is determined exclusively by the individual
Behavior is determined by the interaction of the situation and the behavior
Behavior is determined exclusively by the situation
According to Bandura, behavior is motivated by expectations concerning the results of the behavior. What are these expectations shaped by?
Experiences with regard to the results of their own behavior and observations of the results of the behavior of others
Religious convictions
Needs and drives
Unconscious impulses
Genetic make-up
What is the response repertoire?
The specific behavior that individuals choose to exhibit in a given situation
The behaviors that individuals have learned through reinforcement
The behaviors that individuals have learned through observation
The various behaviors that individuals have at their disposal in a given situation
The behaviors that individuals have learned through experience
According to the Social Cognitive Learning Theory, how is the personality structured?
The personality is described as the locus where certain processes take place, such as observation, planning, control, and judgment
The personality is determined by genetic make-up
The personality is determined by the interaction between the person and the situation
The personality consists of a set of fixed parts
The personality is determined by the environment
What are the five capabilities that Bandura states individuals possess?
Symbolizing capability, forethought capability, vicarious capability, self-regulatory capability, self-reflective capability
Symbolizing capability, forethought capability, observational capability, self-regulatory capability, self-reflective capability
Encoding capability, expectancy capability, subjective value capability, self-regulating capability, self-reflective capability
Symbolizing capability, observational capability, vicarious capability, self-regulatory capability, self-reflective capability
Encoding capability, forethought capability, vicarious capability, self-regulatory capability, self-reflective capability
What is self-efficacy perception according to Bandura?
Beliefs about their encoding strategies
Beliefs about their locus of control
Beliefs about the outcomes of their behavior
Beliefs about their capabilities to function effectively in a given situation
Beliefs about the values of rewards in a given situation
According to Mischel, what are the cognitive-social person variables?
Symbolizing capability, forethought capability, vicarious capability, self-regulatory capability
Encoding strategies, expectancy, subjective values, self-regulating systems and plans
Encoding strategies, expectancy, subjective values, self-reflective capability
Symbolizing capability, expectancy, subjective values, self-regulatory capability
Encoding strategies, forethought capability, vicarious capability, self-regulatory capability
According to Rotter, what determines behavior potential?
The joint influence of subjective preferences regarding possible rewards and expectations that certain actions will lead to those rewards
The joint influence of the situation and the behavior
The joint influence of genetic make-up and environmental factors
The joint influence of the person and the situation
The joint influence of needs and drives
What is the most well-known expectancy style according to Rotter?
Self-efficacy perception
Forethought capability
Encoding strategies
Locus of control
Symbolizing capability
What is Bandura's term for the continuous interaction between personal, environmental, and behavioral determinants?
Positivist approach
Self-regulation
Reciprocal determinism
Social cognitive learning
Specificity interactional
According to Bandura, behavior is motivated by expectations concerning the results of that behavior. What are these expectations shaped by?
Immediate external circumstances
Needs, drives, and unconscious impulses
Social pressure
Experiences with regard to the results of their own behavior and observations of the results of the behavior of others
Religious convictions
According to the Social Cognitive Learning Theory, how is the personality structured?
The personality consists of a set of fixed parts
The personality is determined by the situation
The personality is determined by the individual
The personality is determined by genetic make-up
The personality is described as the locus where certain processes take place, and it is the result of an interaction between the person and the environment
What is Bandura's term for the capabilities that underlie human functioning and distinguish humans from animals?
Symbolizing capability
Person variables
Self-efficacy perception
Forethought capability
Vicarious capability
According to Rotter, behavior is determined by the joint influence of subjective preferences regarding rewards and expectations of certain actions leading to rewards. What is the formula used to describe this?
BP = f(P,S,B)
G = f(P,S,B)
BP = f(E,R)
BP = f(E,RV)
G = f(PxSxB)
According to Mischel, what are the cognitive-social person variables that influence behavior?
Encoding strategies, expectancy, subjective values, and self-regulating systems and plans
The person, the situation, and the environment
The person, the situation, and the behavior that takes place in the situation
The person, the environment, and the behavior
Symbolizing capability, forethought capability, vicarious capability, and self-regulatory capability
According to Bandura, what determines whether or not someone will make an attempt to deal with a situation?
Their subjective values
Their self-efficacy perception
Their encoding strategies
Their locus of control
Their expectations of reward
According to Bandura, what is the central component of the self-reflective capability?
Self-efficacy perception
Forethought capability
Vicarious capability
Symbolizing capability
Self-regulatory capability
According to Rotter, what are the two factors that determine behavior potential?
Self-regulating systems and plans
Subjective preferences and expectations
Encoding strategies and subjective values
Symbolizing capability and forethought capability
Expectancy and reinforcement value
According to the Social Cognitive Learning Theory, what is the role of the person in their own learning process?
A passive observer who has no control over their learning
A recipient of knowledge without any input
A victim of external influences with no autonomy
A follower of instructions without any decision-making
An active participant who can influence their own learning process
What are the three forms of learning acknowledged by the Social Cognitive Learning Theory?
Learning through direct experience, observational learning, learning through self-regulation
Learning through memorization, learning through repetition, learning through punishment
Learning through trial and error, learning through competition, learning through rewards
Learning through reading, learning through listening, learning through watching
Learning through conditioning, learning through imitation, learning through reinforcement
In the context of Social Cognitive Learning Theory, what is the difference between learning through direct experience and learning through conditioning?
Learning through direct experience is a passive process, while conditioning is an active process
Learning through direct experience involves conscious perception and thinking about the results of behavior, while conditioning is an automatic process
Learning through direct experience is influenced by external agents, while conditioning is influenced by internal factors
Learning through direct experience is a cognitive process, while conditioning is a behavioral process
Learning through direct experience is based on rewards and punishments, while conditioning is based on observation
What is self-efficacy in the context of observational learning?
The individual's confidence in their ability to reproduce the behavior they observed
The individual's desire to become a model for others
The individual's willingness to imitate the model's behavior
The individual's ability to teach others what they have observed
The individual's belief in the importance of observational learning
According to the Social Cognitive Learning Theory, what are the three forms of reinforcement?
Physical reinforcement, verbal reinforcement, visual reinforcement
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
External reinforcement, internal reinforcement, social reinforcement
Direct reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement, self-reinforcement
Immediate reinforcement, delayed reinforcement, intermittent reinforcement
What is direct reinforcement?
Receiving rewards for behavior from external agents or experiencing something unpleasant being taken away
Reinforcing one's own behavior by arranging the situation and outcome
Observing someone else being rewarded for behavior
Receiving rewards for behavior from internal sources or experiencing self-punishment
Reinforcing one's own behavior through self-praise or feeling proud
What is self-reinforcement?
Receiving rewards for behavior from external agents or experiencing something unpleasant being taken away
Rewarding one's own behavior by praising oneself or feeling proud
Receiving rewards for behavior from internal sources or experiencing self-punishment
Reinforcing one's own behavior by arranging the situation and outcome
Observing someone else being rewarded for behavior
What is the difference between operant conditioning in Social Cognitive Learning Theory and Skinner's view of operant conditioning?
SCLT believes that conditioning is an automatic process while Skinner believes it requires conscious perception
SCLT emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning
SCLT considers conditioning as a passive process while Skinner sees it as an active process
SCLT focuses on external reinforcement while Skinner focuses on internal reinforcement
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