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In 1815, Italy

Had deep economic and cultural divisions

Had shed its attachment to the local region in favor of a desire for national unity

Embraced the revolutionary spirit generated by the French Revolution

Was characterized by its rejection of the values of the Old Regime

Giuseppe Garibaldi supported all of the following EXCEPT

Female emancipation

The abolition of capital punishment

Racial equality

the need for a separate southern Italian state

Otto von Bismarck came to power as a result of a

Coup d'état

National election in which he represented the conservative party

Conflict between the crown and the lower chamber of the Prussian parliament

Conflict between the monarchy and the military establishment

Prussia's victory over Austria

Was the final stage in German unification

Separated German conservatism from German nationalism

Separated German nationalism from German liberalism

Was an opportunity for liberalism to reassert itself

At the conclusion of the revolutions of 1848–1849, the Habsburg monarchy

Resolved to loosen its autocracy in hopes of maintaining peace

Used an expanded secret police to stifle liberal and nationalist expressions

Accepted the Magyar bid for independence

Decentralized its bureaucracy and strengthened the power of local officials

Volkish thinkers believed that the pure German spirit had been corrupted by

The Enlightenment

Medieval traditions

Rural living

Nationalism

Zionism was founded by

Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Theodor Herzl

Richard Wagner

Edouard Drumont

In the nineteenth century, most European Jews were

Wealthy

Professionals, merchants, and bankers

Poor

Middle class

The ________ led revolutionary insurrections in Italy in the 1820s and 1830s

The Pan-German League

Fourth Lateran Council

Carbonari

Zionists

Young Italy was founded by

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Mazzini

Victor Emmanuel

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

In the early nineteenth century, Prussian bureaucrats introduced reforms in order to

Promote liberty

Start Germany on the path to unification

Augment the power of the Prussian middle class

Strengthen the state

Those most committed to the unification of Italy included the

Italian middle classes, which saw unity as good for trade and commerce

Bourbon ruler of the Two Sicilies, who hoped to subjugate the Papal States

Austrian Empire, which saw a united Italy as a potential ally against Prussia and France

Pope, who wished to remove French influence from the Papal States of central Italy

The policies of Cavour succeeded in unifying Italy partly because he

Established the leadership of his own state in the north and benefited from Garibaldi's conquests in the south

Rejected foreign assistance in achieving unification, in order to appeal to Italian pride

Kept Italians from becoming involved in foreign affairs until they had resolved their domestic problems

Aroused the masses in a revolutionary movement to overthrow existing governments everywhere in Italy

The Junkers were

The Prussian equivalent of the Carbonari

Prussian aristocrats who supported the Prussian throne

Prussian serfs who demanded emancipation

Prussian liberals who wanted to scrap monarchical government

The Zollverein provided the ________ foundation for German unification

Economic

Social

Religious

Constitutional

The Prussian liberals abandoned the cause of liberal revolution in 1866 as the result of all of the following EXCEPT

The promise of responsible parliamentary government

The prospect of increased power

An adoration for Prussian militarism

A fascination with territorial expansion

The Franco-Prussian War resulted from

A readiness in France and in Prussia to fight over the future of the South German states

Prussian insistence on placing a member of its ruling family on the throne of Spain

Napoleon III's resumption of Napoleon I's attempt to conquer all of Europe

Austria's tampering with the Ems telegram, hoping to play off its two major enemies against one another

As a result of the creation of the Dual Monarchy in the Hapsburg Empire in 1867

Austria remained a monarchy while Hungary became a constitutional republic

All ethnic and nationality groups in the Austrian Empire were more free and independent than before

Most ethnic minorities felt that the domination of the Germans and Magyars blocked their own national aspirations

Hungary was granted complete independence in the conduct of its foreign policy

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the staunchest advocates of nationalism were

Conservatives

Romantics

Communists

Liberals

Volkish thinkers thought of race as

A combination of physical features and moral and intellectual qualities

Only moral attributes

Only physical attributes

Only intellectual tendencies

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