PATOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 21/22

Indicate the possible symptoms and signs associated with angina pectoris:

First and second heart sounds

Pulmonary congestion

Dyspnoe (tachypnoe or bradypnoe)

Peripheral lymphangitis

What triggers are potentially linked to type 1 Diabetes Mellitus etiopathogenesis?

Exposure to enteroviruses and other viral pathogens

Biological substances that induce disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy

Food preservatives with nitrogen

Severe bleeding into gut that occurs in infancy

Respiratory alkalosis can:

Result from extreme emotions

cause obstructive sleep apnea

be effect of fever

Be compensated by increased generation of bicarbonates in the kidney

Which of the following symptoms would indicate the presence of Right–sided Heart Failure:

Ascites

Vomiting and abdominal fullness

Hydrothorax

Pulmonary edema

To the group of factors increasing permeability of vascular wall we include:

Prostaglandins released mainly by endothelial cells and leukocytes

Leucotriens released mainly by leucocytes

Histamine released by mast cells

Bradykinin released many by neutrophils

Who belongs to the group of increased risk of DM development and need to be tested with OGTT?

Women with Klebsiella Infection and Urinary Tract Infection

People with cardiovascular diseases

People with TG > 250 mg/dL in their blood

People with stomach aches

Select properly TYPICAL key features of primary hypertension (HT):

20% of all cases of HT

Significant genetic role

Periods of amenorrhea

Dietary impact such as salt intake

Late complications of Diabetes Mellitus typically may disturb the function of:

kidneys

endothelial cells in large blood vessels

Liver

Small blood vessels

What are the nutritional causes of the secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?

High-fat diet

Gluten-free diet

alcohol consumption

excessive intake of carbohydrates

Mechanism of Insulin Secretion – indicate incorrect statement

Depolarization of membrane causes influx of Ca+2 into cell for movement of vesicles with insulin

ATP generation inhibits K+ gated channel receptor and less K+ leaves beta cell

glucose enters glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle (citric acid cycle) to produce more ATP in the cell cytoplasm

Glut-1: transports glucose into beta cell

What does insulin resistance stimulate?

it stimulates the release of insulin, which can cause hyperinsulinemia

It stimulates the release of glucagon, which can cause hyperglycemia

It stimulates the uptake of glucose, which can cause hypoglycemia

It stimulates the release of glucose, which can cause hyperglycemia

What are the potential symptoms of Celiac Disease?

weight loss with fatigue and excessive bloating

iron deficiency anemia

increased frequency of loose, watery stools

flower-like urine odor due to yeast infections

What causes the increased plasma concentration of triglycerides?

Hipocampus impairment

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

high carbohydrate diet

alcohol and high-calorie foods

Indicate the potential cause/s of increased cardiac output as a result in the non-progressive compensatory phase of SHOCK

Activation of Sympathetic nervous system

Heart muscle contractility augmentation

Increase of heart rate

Decreased venous return through R-A-A system activation

In hypersensitivity of:

Type III cells do not participate at any stage

Type I important role is played by cells releasing histamine

type IV the key role is played by NK-cells

type II effector mechanism can depend on complement activation

In asthma:

The first phases of the disease are characterized by temporary exacerbations causing bronchial obstruction

it is equally important to administer bronchodilatating as anti-inflammatory medication

COPD - like pathology develops in the late stages of the disease

. Bronchial remodeling causes of the air flow in the bronchi

Acute life threatening complications of Diabetes Mellitus ar

hyperosmolar coma

consumptive coagulopathy

ketoacidosis

Obstructive respiratory syndrome

Biological actions of Insulin – indicate its correct biological action:

In adipose tissue decreases protein synthesis

In muscles decreases its long-term effects such as mitogenesis

in the liver decreases lipogenesis

in the liver stimulates glycogen synthesis

SLE:

Develops as a result of formation of antibodies against own IgG’s

is characterized by typical facial erythema – chin and forehead mainly, no butterfly rash

is a result of type II hypersensitivity reaction

Is a non-organ specific autoimmune disease

What are the typical sites of pain radiation during myocardial infarction?

Left leg and scrotum

The top of the head

Epigastrium

Jaw, teeth, mandible

What does central obesity significantly lead to?

The inflammatory phase of diabetic foot ulcer

Postural hypotension

Hyperinsulinaemia

Adrenalin release

The following connections between adhesion molecules are participating in leucocytes’transport to the tissues

Integrins – selectins

Integrins – PECAM-1)

Immunoglobulin family proteins – mucin-like glycoproteins

Selectins – mucin-like glycoproteins

What are genetic risks that may induce the type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? – indicate correct answer:

not HLA encoding genes

genetic risk increases if a parent or sibling has type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

multiple genes involved in insulin resistance

Retinoblastoma-related genes

Exchange of water between IVF and ISF spaces:

Results mainly from osmotic pressure fluctuations

Depends on concentration gradient of certain ions

Is possible only if hydrostatic pressure is kept constant along the capillaries, which depends on the pumping action of the heart

Does not importantly rely on the electrical charge gradient

The risk of development of disseminated pneumonia in the course of covid-19 is growing:

Due to high dose of infecting virus

Upon vaccination against covid-19

When the immune system cannot develop the specific immune response quickly enough

in patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases

Important role of endothelial cell in acute inflammatory responses is based on:

migration to the inflammatory site

Preventing production of the exudate fluid

helping in extravasation of selected lymphocytes floating in the blood

Synthesis and surface expression of certain proteins

Gas exchange in the lungs:

Provides organism with oxygen which is crucial for energy production in the tissues

is driven by the partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen

Is part of the most effective mechanisms of utilization of hydrogen ions

Is much more effective per square meter in the lungs than in the skin

Classical symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus are

Skin itching and redness

polyuria

polydipsia

weight loss

Pathomechanism of various gluten related pathologies is as follows:

Celiac disease - type II hypersensitivity

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity – soluble immune complexes formation

. Allergy to gluten – anti-gluten IgE overproduction

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity – inflammation in the gut due to increased intestinal permeability caused by gluten

What are the complications of obesity?

increased muscle tension

decreased life expectancy if disease is not treated with a diet

minerals in concentrated urine

Ischemic heart disease

Cell sorting with flow cytometry is a method which enables:

Accurate separation of cells from mixed population

Obtaining living cells which can be cultured or even used for transplantation purposes

Finding very unique populations of cells

Separation of cells directly from solid tissues

What are the symptoms of Phenyloketonuria?

increased thirst

weight loss even with increased appetite

mouse-like urine odor

blurred vision

Indicate incorrect statements related to Celiac sease:

disease related to abnormal control of glucose and amino acid metabolism

Gluten is found in grains, like wheat, barley and rye

Can be triggered by a protein called adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled

It is related with the chance of developing another autoimmune disorder

Indicate risk factors of Ischemic Heart Disease:

Emphysema

Obesity

Dyslipidemia

X-linked adrenal hypoplasia

The role of complement is

Activation of the mast cells through the IgE related mechanism

Opsonization of target cells for ADCC reaction

Chemotaxis with C3b and C5b molecules

Inducing an osmotic shock in target cells

Indicate these states that are not metabolic syndrome components:

chronic diarrhea

Hyperuricemia

growth retardation issues

nephrolithiasis

Life-threatening pathologies in the airways include:

Severe asthma attack

Epiglotitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B infection in children

Disseminated interstitial pneumonia in the course of viral infection

Pneumothorax as a result of chest injury

Flow cytometer:

Needs to be built of at least three lasers

Has number of fluorescent channels equal to the number of lasers

Must have separate light detector recognizing individual color for each fluorescent channel

Has independent optical system for each laser

Increased permeability of the intestinal barrier:

May trigger pathologies based on various pathomechanisms

Leads to absorption of inappropriately large and complex particles

May produce local (intestinal) as well as peripheral (various tissues) symptoms

develops due to several causes, including inflammation, dysbiosis, gluten ingestion and others

Select the proper causes of increased oxygen demand for myocardial muscle

Fever

Bradycardia

Left ventricle hypertrophy

Hypothyroidism

PATOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 21/22

More Surveys