Embryology PollEverywhere questions

Transcription factors are:

Bind to DNA and regulate gene transcription

Secreted

A key component of the cytoskeleton

Found only in vertebrates

The fate of a cell:

What it normally does

What it could potentially do

Allocated by its neighbours

Not decided until the final division

Which of these species is most suitable for the genetics of development?

Zebrafish

Xenopus

Mice

Chick

Holoblastic cleavage is:

Maternal signals are:

A result of fertilisation

Always used in the first few cell divisions

Switched off as soon as the egg is fertilised

Required early development in some species to pattern the embryo

Switched on as a result of fertilisation

The mid-blastula transition is the point in development when

Cell-determination becomes fixed

Translation of the maternal mRNA is initiated

Cell division in the embryo ends

Transcription of zygotes genes begins

Gastrulation is:

The formation of the germ layers in all species

The movement of the germ layers to their correct positions

The movement of just the ectoderm

The movement of just the endoderm

The movement of just the mesoderm

The primitive streak:

Is required for gastrulation in the chick, human, and mouse

Is required for gastrulation in the chick, human and frog

Is required for gastrulation in the chick, frog, and mouse

Is required for gastrulation in the frog and chick

Is required for gastrulation in the human and chick

Ectoderm induction relies on:

Inhibitory signals

Inductive signals

Neither A or B

Both A and B

Which of the following can potentially become any type of cell in the body? (Select all that apply)

Tissue stem cells

Embryonic stem cells

Haematopoetic stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells

IPSC stands for

Initiated Pluripotent Stem Cell

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell

Interstitial Pluripotent Stem Cell

Cells of the mouse embryo inner cell mass are

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Unipotent

Induced pluripotent stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells in

The way they are derived

Their ability to self renew

What they can differentiate into

Somatic cells can be 'reprogrammed' by adding

The Yamanka factors are

Oct4, Gata5, Nanog, C-Myc

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc

Sox2, Nanog, Oct4, KIf4

Klf4, c-Myc, Isl1, Hox2b

A morphogen is

A factor that promotes cell movement

A factor that induces one group of cells to change fate

A factor to which cells respond differently at different concentrations

Pattern formation results in cells acquiring their identity depending on

Their relative spatial position in a field of cells

Timing of differentiation of the cells

Their developmental history

What is one mechanism by which a cell can "know' its relative spatial position in a field of cells?

Through interaction with the adjacent cell

By measuring the local concentration of a morphogen

By counting the number of cell lengths from the edge of the field of cells

What experiment shows that FGF is sufficient for lung and liver induction?

In situ hybridisation assay showing FFs are expressed in the cardiac mesoderm after gastrulation

Addition of FGF to foregut endoderm explant induces lung and liver cell fate

Inhibition of FF activity prevents formation of lung and liver cells in cardiac mesoderm/foregut endoderm explants

What experiment shows that FGF is necessary (required/needed) for lung and liver induction?

In situ hybridisation assay showing FFs are expressed in the cardiac mesoderm after gastrulation

Addition of FGF to foregut endoderm explant induces lung and liver cell fate

Inhibition of FGF activity prevents formation of lung and liver cells in cardiac mesoderm/foregut endoderm explants

What experiment shows that FGF is present at the right time and place for lung and liver induction?

In situ hybridisation assay showing FGFs are expressed in the cardiac mesoderm after gastrulation

Addition of FGF to foregut endoderm explant induces lung and liver cell fate

Inhibition of GF activity prevents formation of lung and liver cells in cardiac mesoderm/foregut endoderm explants

What experiment shows that FGF2 can act as a morphogen?

Adding FGF to foregut endoderm cultures induces Albumin

Adding FGF to foregut endoderm cultures induces different genes at different concentratinos of FGF2

Adding FGF to foregut endoderm cultures prevents Albumin and Nkx2.1 expression

Adding FGF to foregut cardiac mesoderm prevents cardiac gene expression

None of the above

Why does incubation of cardiac mesoderm with foregut endoderm induce Nkx2.1 only some of the time?

It doesn't induce Nkx2.1

Nkx2.1 is always induced in this experiment

Nkx2.1 is expressed only when high levels of FGF are in the culture medium, which is dependent on the size of the cardiac mesoderm explant

Nkx2.1 is always induced but detecting it is difficult and only some poeple can get it to work

Why can't FGF induce liver cell fate in other parts of the embryo?

Cells in other areas aren't competent (can't respond to the signal)

How is AP axis established?

Activation signal, followed by posteriorising signal

Both activation and posteriorising signal at the same time

Activation signal only

Posteriorising signal only

None of the above

Activity title hidden…

Shh and FGF8 from the isthmus pattern the midbrain and cerebellum

Shh and BMP from the isthmus pattern the midbrain and cerebellum

BMP and Wnt1 from the isthmus pattern the midbrain and cerebellum

BMP and FGF8 from the isthmus pattern the midbrain and cerebellum

Wnt1 and FGF8 from the isthmus pattern the midbrain and cerebellum

What is secreted from the ANR?

TIc- Wnt antagonist

Noggin - BMP antagonist

Dkk- Wnt antagonist

Chordin - BMP antagonist

Activity title hidden again…

Transcription factors set up two signaling centres in the neural plate, the isthmus and Zli

Transcription factors set up two signaling centres in the neural plate, the ANR and Zli

The AN and isthmus form in the neural plate and pattern specific regions (telencephalon/midbrain/cerebellum respectively)

The AN and isthmus form in the neural plate and pattern specific regions (diencephalon/spinal cord respectively)

Activity title hidden again

Transcription factors set up two signaling centres in the neural plate, the isthmus and Zli

Transcription factors set up two signaling centres in the neural plate, the ANR and Zli

The AN and isthmus form in the neural plate and pattern specific regions (telencephalon/midbrain/cerebellum respectively)

The AN and isthmus form in the neural plate and pattern specific regions (diencephalon/spinal cord respectively)

Compartments are a good way to:

Restrict patterning to multiple regions

Allow a morphogen to diffuse across a sheet of cells

Restrict signalling to defined directions

Allow multiple morphogens to be pattern the same cells

To prevent any diversity in cell types

Hox genes:

Give positional identity to rhombomeres

Give positional identity to the midbrain

Give positional identity to the forebrain

Give positional identity to rhombomeres and the midbrain

Give positional identity to rhombomeres and the forebrain

Secreted antagonists can modulate signalling pathways by

Sequestering ligands

Interfering with DNA binding

Binding to their receptors

Phosphorylating intracellular domains

Transcription factors are:

Secreted

Bind to DNA and regulate gene transcription

A key component of the cytoskeleton

Found only in vertebrates

'Morphogens are important for

Muscle differentiation

Assigning multiple cell fates

Assigning individual cell fates

For cell shape changes

The experiments of Spemann and Mangold first defined what feature of amphibian development?

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