Subject Final: Physiology
1. Positive feedback is useful in -
Blood clotting
Regulation of temperature
Child birth
Generation of nerve signals
Regulation of blood pressure
2. Substances entering cells through simple diffusion are
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon di oxide
Amino acids
Galactose
3. The example of active transports are-
Na+-k+ pump in cell membrane
Na+-H+ exchange in DCT
Cl- HCO3- exchange in RBC membrane
Na+ linked amino acid uptake by the enterocytes
Ca++ pump
4.Secondary active transport-
Uses cellular ATP
Is a form of passive transport
Transfer of substances must be more than one.
Uses energy created by electrochemical gradient
Allows the movement of molecules by conformational changes in carrier proteins
5. Na+ - K+ pump-
Na+ is actively transported into the cell
K+ is passively transported into the cell
Cell volume is maintained
Equal number of Na+ - K+ is transported.
Na+-K+ pump is most active in nerve and muscle.
6.Absolute refractory period in the ventricles
Corresponds to the period of ventricular depolarization.
Corresponds to the period of ventricular contraction.
Is the period when the ventricles are completely unexcitable.
Is shorter than the corresponding atrial muscle.
Decrease during stimulation of the vagus nerve to the heart.
7.Refractory period in the ventricles
Is shorter than the skeletal muscle
Decreases during sympathetic stimulation of the heart
Corresponds to PR interval of Ecg
Corresponds to the QRS complex of ECG
Corresponds to the period of ventricular action potential
8.Plateau phase in the action potential of cardiac muscle
Is due to efflux of K+
Is due to fast sodium channel
Is due to slow Ca+ -Na+ channel
Coincides with ventricular systole
Results in prolonged refractory period
9.The factors causing dilatation of blood vessels are -
Nitric oxide
Endothelin-1
Hypercapnae
Neuropeptide Y
Prostacyclin
10.Coronary vasodilators released during cardiac muscle ischemia are:
Adenosine
Potassium ion
Sodium ion
Bicarbonate ion
Hydrogen ion
11.Total peripheral resistance is inversely proportional to
Velocity of blood flow
Viscosity of blood
Cross sectional area of blood vessels
Radius of blood vessels
Length of blood vessels
12.Blood flow is directly proportional to-
Viscosity of blood
Cross sectional area of blood vessel
Length of blood vessel
Pressure gradient
Diameter of blood vessel
13.Heart rate is accelerated by
Hypoxia
Exercise
Anger
Brainbridge reflex
Increased intracranial pressure
15.Cardiac output is increased
In rapid arrhythmia
By shortening of myocardial fiber
When heart rate is increased
by decreased sympathetic stimulation
By increased diastolic pressure
16.Isometric exercise
Ncreases cardiac work
Reduces pressure in the veins of exercising muscles
Increases muscle blood flow
Decreases mean arterial pressure
Increases venous return
16.A sudden increase in right atrial volume will result in an increase in
ADH secretion
Heart rate
ANP secretion
Cardiac output
Diameter of afferent arterioles of kidney
17.Chemoreceptors in the arterial system
Have a higher rate of oxygen consumption per gram than brain tissue
Respond to changes in oxygen tension, not content
Respond to changes in pH
Conduct afferent information via the glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerves
Are found in the carotid sinus
18.Mean blood pressure
Determines perfusion pressure
Controls tissue blood flow
Is affected mostly by systolic blood pressure
Depends on cardiac output
S regulated directly by vasomotor tone
19.The volume receptors of circulatory system
Are required for effective regulation of blood volume
Are confined to right atrium
Influence renal function
Influence secretion of ADH
Nfluence secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
20.Pulse pressure is directly proportional to
Radius of blood vessels
length of blood vessels
Elasticity of vessel wall
Viscocity of blood
Stroke volume
21.The valsalva manaeuver is followed by an decrease in-
Intrapleural pressure
Intra abdominal pressure
Cardiac output
Arterial blood volume
Heart rate
22. Immediately after closure of semilunar valves there is-
Isometric contraction phase
Protodiastolic phase
Isometric relaxation phase
a decrease in velocity of blood flow in the aorta close to zero
A decrease in intraventricular pressure upto 10 mm Hg
22.Second heart sound-
Is a low frequency sound
Signals the onset of ventricular systole
Wide fixed splitting of it is the pathognomonic feature of atrial septal defect
Reverse splitting of it occurs in left bundle branch block
The P2 component is loud in pulmonary stenosis
23.Canon 'a' wave in jugular venous pulse is present in
Supraventricular tachycardia
) complete heart block
atrial fibrillation
Sinus tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
24.Causes of large 'a' wave in the jugular venous pulse are
Pulmonary hypertension
Atrial fibrillation
Tricuspid regurgitation
Pulmonary embolism
Tricuspid stenosis
25.In normal ECG the
P-wave is due to atrial depolarization
T-wave is due to ventricular depolarization
P-R interval coincides with atrial systole
Q-T interval coincides with refractory period
QRS-complex coincides with ventricular systole
26.In hypokalemia ECG shows
Widened QRS complex
ST elevation
Prolonged QT interval
Prominent U wave
Tall and slender T
27.Angiotensin-11
Is autacoid
Is formed in lungs
is a vasodilator
Increases tubular Na+ reabsorption
Increases baro-reflex sensitivity
28.Terminal bronchioles
Contain plenty of goblet cells
Contain clara cells
Contain plates of cartilage
Are lined by simple columnar epithelium
Contain brush cells
29. Biologically active substances metabolized by the lungs are-
Surfactant
Serotonin
Histamine
VIP
Bradykinin
30.Hemodynamic effects of respiration are-
Raised jugular venous pressure during expiration
Fall of blood pressure up to 10 mm during expiration
Splitting of second heart sound during expiration
Increased heart rate during expiration
Second heart sound fuses during expiration
31.Inspiration causes
Fall in jugular venous pressure
Fall in blood pressure
Decrease in heart rate
Single 2nd heart sound
Prolonged right ventricular ejection
32.During normal quiet breathing
Most of the tidal air enters into the apex of the lungs
Intrapleural pressure is lowest at the apex of the lung
Intra alveolar pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration
Intra alveolar pressure is lowest at the end of inspiration
Intraalveolar pressure heighest at mid expiration.
33.Compliance of the lungs is greater
In standing than in lying position
In infants than in adults
In saline fille than air filled lung
Than compliance of the lungs and thorax together
At the apex than at the base of the lungs
34.The surfactant lining the fluid of the lung alveoli increases
The compliance of the lungs
The work of breathing
Pulmonary capillary filtration pressure
The elasticity of the lungs
Stability of the size of alveoli
35.Surfactant
Increases compliance of lungs
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid
Prevents collapsing tendency of lungs
Increases work of breathing
Secretion occur at 20th week of intrauterine life
36.Compared with the base, the apex of the human lungs has
Higher ventilation rate
Higher PO2
Higher PCO2
Larger alveoli
More negative intrapleural pressure
37.While standing, compared to the upper part of the lung, the lower portion of the lung has
Higher ventilation
Larger size of the alveoli
Higher ventilation-perfusion ratio
Higher alveolar PO2
Larger compliance
38.Ventilation - perfusion ratio
Is the ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
Varies in various parts of lungs as an effect of gravity
In upright position declines in a linear fashion from base to apex
Non-uniformity of ventilation and perfusion of lungs can cause decline in CO2 content
Uniformity of this ratio can cause decline in systemic arterial PO2
39.A shift of 02-Hb dissociation curve to the right
Occurs in the pulmonary capillaries
Occurs if body temperature rises
Favours delivery of O2 to the tissue
Favours 02 uptake by lungs
Increases the P50
40.Rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane is directly proportional to
Surface area of the membrane
Solutility of gas
Molecular weight of gas
Thickness of the membrane
Diffusion coefficient
41.At a high altitude there is an increase in
Pulmonary ventilation
Arterial PO2
Arterial pH
Cerebral blood flow
Arterial PCO2
42.Decreased arterial PO2 is a consequence
Hypoventilation
Low hemoglobin concentration
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Cyanide poisoning
Living at high altitude
43.The chemical factors regulating respiration are
PO2
H+ concentration
PCO2
HCO3- concentration
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
44. A patient with carbon dioxide retention is likely to have
Metabolic acidosis
Alkaline urine
Cool extremities
Raised cerebral blood flow
Raised plasma bicarbonate
45.Cells derived from haematopoietic stem cells are
Chondroblast
Langerhans cell
Fibroblast
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
46. The plasma of a normal adult
is about 60% water
Accounts for 10% of body weight
Contains 8 mmol/L of K+
Contains about 140 mmol of Na+
Contain xanthine and hypoxanthine
48.Plasma proteins are associated with
Plasma volume
Essential amino acid
Crystalloidal osmotic pressure
Edema
Plasmapheresis
49.Serum albumin
Has the highest molecular weight among the plasma proteins
Binds with bilirubin and calcium
Makes the largest contribution to the osmotic pressure of serum
Plays a major role in the transport of triacylglycerol and cholesterol
Has an average plasma concentration of 35-50 gm/L
50. Stem cells
Are characterized by prolonged self renewal
Have the capacity to differentiate into specialized cells
Do not have any role in tissue homeostasis
In adults are pluripotent
Have role in tissue repair
52. Essential hormones for erythropoiesis are
Testosterone
Thyroxine
Oestrogen
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Prolactin
53.Erythropoietin production is decreased in
Renal failure
Decreased estrogen level
Anemia of chronic disease
Hemolytic anemia
Hepatoma
54.Very high ESR are found in
Polycythemia
Multiple myeloma
Tuberculosis
Congenital cyanotic heart diseases
Aplastic anemia
56.Monocytes
Originate from precursor cells in lymph node
Have horse shoe shaped nucleus
Are phagocytic cells
Are highly motile
Have a transit time of 1 to 2 days in the blood before reaching into the tissues
57. Cells of monocyte-macrophage system include
KUPFFER'S cell
Histiocyte
Microglia
Mesengial cell
Neutrophil
59.Following products are helpful in platelet aggregation
Thrombin
Platelet derived growth factor
Von Willebrand factor
ADP
Thomboxane A2
62.Complications of massive blood transfusion are-
Febrile reaction
Hypothermia
Thrombophlebitis
Coagulopathy
Incompatible haemolytic transfusion reaction
63.The juxtraglomerular cells are
Epitheloid in nature
Positive baroreceptors
Phagocytic in nature
Protein secreting in nature
Secretors of renin
64.Following hormones are synthesized in kidney
Renin
Angiotension II
Vasopressin
Erythropoietin
25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
65.Renin secretion is increased in
Essential hypertension
Over hydration
Sodium depletion
Diuretic therapy
Renal artery stenosis
66.Renal vasodilatation is caused by
Dopamine
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Cortisol
Endothelin
Angiotensin II
67.Factors increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are
Ncreased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure
Increased filtration coefficient
Sympathetic stimulation
dehydration
Increased arterial blood pressure
68. The renin angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates
Potassium balance
Sodium balance
Fluid volume
Blood pressure
Nitrogen balance
69.When a patient's mean arterial blood pressure falls by 50%
Renal blood flow falls by 10%
Glomerular filtration falls by about 50 %
There is an increase in circulatory aldosterone
Renal vasoconstriction occurs
Urinary output may cease
70.Hormones acting on kidney are
1 -25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
ADH
parathormone
T3& T4
72. Substances that are freely filtered but not reabsorbed by the kidney are
Creatinine
Urea
Glucose
Bicarbonate
Inulin
76.The non-capsulated receptors are
Free nerve endings
Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel disc
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini corpuscle
77.Fast pain sensation
Is carried by anterior spinothalmic tract
Is transmitted by typ C fiber
Receptor is sensitive to substance-P
Terminate in the somatosensory cortex
Is received by the free nerve endings
78.The proprioceptive sensations includes the followings
Sensation from surface of the body
Position sensations
Pressure sensation from the bottom of the foot
Sensation from internal organs
Sensation of equilibrium
79.Posterior column damage in the spinal cord may impair
Pain sensation
The flexor plantar response to stimulation of the sole
Touch sensation
The ability to stand steadily with the eyes closed
Vibration sense
80.During deep sleep there is fall in
Hand skin temperature
Urine formation
Blood growth hormone/cortisol ratio
Arterial Pco2
Metabolic rate
84.Hormones which have intracellular receptor are
Insulin
Glucocorticoids
Progesterone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Glucagon
85.Anterior pituitary gland secretes the followings-
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Oxytocin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
86.Hormones those use the phospholipase C second messenger system are-
Oxytocin
Growth hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Glucagon
Vasopressin
87.Hormones that act by activation of gene include-
Aldosterone
Thyroid hormones
Calcitriol
Glucagon
Insulin
88.Factors that stimulate growth hormone secretion-
Decreased blood glucose
Free fatty acid
Increased blood glucose
Testosterone
Somatostatin
89.Physiologic effects of thyroid hormones are-
Increase in number of ß adrenergic receptors
Inhibition of lipolysis
Decreased rate of carbohydrate absorption
Stimulation of O2 consumption by metabolically active cells
Increase in protein breakdown
90.Parathyroid hormone-
Increases renal Ca2+ reabsorption
Decreases excretion of phosphate
Increases Ca2+ mobilization from bone to ECF
Increases intestinal Ca2+ absorption
Decreases intestinal PO4 absorption
91.Hormones responsible for calcium homeostasis are-
Parathormone
Insulin
Glococorticoid
Adrenalin
Growth hormone
92.The following hormones influence calcium metabolism-
Insulin
Oestrogen
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Testosterone
94. Functions of insulin are to increase activity of
Glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glycogen synthase
Lipoprotein lipase
Hormone sensitive lipase
95.Following are the stimuli for insulin release
Beta keto acids
Acetylecholine
Adrenergic blockers
Drugs like sulphonylureas
Somatostatin
96.Cortisol plays a permissive role in the
Lipolytic effect of catecholamines
Vasopressor effect of catecholamines
Lipolytic effect of glucagon
Calorigenic effects of glucagon
Lipolytic effect of thyroxine
97.Gastrin secretion is increased by
Sight and smell of food
Distension of stomach
Vagotomy
Acid in the lumen of stomach
Increased circulating level of secretin
98.Gastric acid secretion enhances by
Presence of protein in stomach
Gastrin
Fatty foods
Histamine
Secretin
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