Periodontic final quiz

What are four characteristics of the innate immune system?

Present at birth

Not antigen specific

Present at all times

Does not improve with repeated exposure to infectious agent

Memory develops which may provide lifelong immunity to reinfection

What are four characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

Develops throughout life

Antigen specific

Lag time between infection and response

Memory develops which may provide lifelong immunity to reinfection

Present at birth

What is the prime purpose of the immune response?

To defend the life of the individual by identifying foreign substances in the body and developing a defense against them.

The way an individual’s body responds to the infection is known as the host response.

What best describes the Host response?

The way an individual’s body responds to the infection is known as the host response.

To defend the life of the individual by identifying foreign substances in the body and developing a defense against them.

What are two ways that the body responds to infections via host response?

Sending certain cells to the infection site

Producing biochemical substances to counteract the foreign invaders

By increasing the heat to tremendous levels in an attempt to fry the microorganisms

What are four consequences of the loss of immune function?

Loss of immune function is deadly to the body.

HIV disables a specific group of immune cells.

HIV+ individuals often develop infections from microorganisms that rarely cause infections in persons with healthy immune systems

AIDS

Asthma

What best describes an overzealous immune system?

The immune system can become so intense in its response that it begins to harm the body that it is trying to protect.

When a bacteria becomes to powerful for all the other organisms to defend against.

What is an example of overzealous immune system?

A streptococcal infection of the skin or pharynx stimulates the immune system

A GI infection of the digestive system

What are the two components of the immune system?

Complement system

Cellular defenders (phagocytes, lymphocytes)

Cerebral system

What best describes Leukocytes?

White blood cells that capture microorganisms on their own

Small white blood cells that reorganize and control invaders

What are two examples of Leukocytes?

PMNs (Neutrophils)

Monocytes/Macrophages

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

What best describes Lymphocytes?

Small white blood cells that reorganize and control invaders

White blood cells that capture microorganisms on their own

What are two examples of Lymphocytes?

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

PMNs (Neutrophils)

Monocytes/Macrophages

What best describes Phagocytosis?

The process by which leukocytes engulf and digest microorganisms

When bacteria end up getting a boost in numbers

Which of these cells are rapid responders and provide the 1st line of defense?

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes/PMN (Neutrophils)

T-lymphocytes

What is the difference between Monocytes and Macrophages?

Monocytes are when they're in the bloodstream. While macrophages when they're in the tissues

Macrophages are when they're in the bloodstream. While monocytes when they're in the tissues

True or false? Macrophages/Monocytes are NOT Long-lived cells seen in chronic inflammation and don't arrive slower to the infection site than the PMNs

False

True

What doesB-lymphocytes (B-cells) do in the body?

Once activated, makes millions of antibodies and pours them into the bloodstream

Binds to the outside of the antibodies and tries to destroy them

True or false? B-lymphocytes (B-cells) can be differentiated into 2 types" Plasma and Memory B-cells

True

False

What are three characteristics of antibodies?

Y-shaped proteins

One end of the Y binds to the outside of the B-cell

The other end of the Y binds to a microorganism and helps to kill it.

Once activated, makes millions of antibodies and pours them into the bloodstream

What is the main job of T-LYMPHOCYTES (T-CELLS)?

To intensify the response of other immune cells (macrophages, B-lymphocytes) to the bacterial invasion.

T-cells produce substances called cytokines that further stimulate the immune response

To focus solely on attacking what's available until reinforcements arrive

What best describes Cytokines?

A general name for any protein that is secreted by cells and affects the behavior of nearby cells

A complex series of proteins circulating in the blood that works to Facilitate phagocytosis of bacteria and bacterial cell membranes

What best describes the compliment system?

A complex series of proteins circulating in the blood that works to Facilitate phagocytosis of bacteria and bacterial cell membranes

A general name for any protein that is secreted by cells and affects the behavior of nearby cells

What are the four functions of the compliment system?

True or false? The complement system creates a protein called the membrane attack complex. This protein can puncture cell membranes of certain bacteria (lysis)

True

False

Which two best describes Opsonization of pathogens?

The complement system facilitates the capture and destruction of bacteria by phagocytes.

Complement components coat the surface of bacteria, allowing the phagocytes to recognize, engulf, and destroy bacteria

When bacteria get the upperhand causing a great influx of reinforcing microorganisms

True or false? The complement system can recruit additional phagocytic cells to the site of an infection.

True

False

True or false?The complement system does not act as a “housekeeper” for the body by removing immune complexes from circulation.

False

True

Which three best describes the process of Leukocyte migration to the infection site?

To fight an infection, leukocytes travel through the bloodstream

The thin layer of epithelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels is called the endothelium.

Near the infection site, leukocytes push their way between the endothelial cells (extravasation) and enter the connective tissue. This process is called transendothelial migration.

Chemotaxis is the process whereby Leukocytes what?

Enter the connective tissue

Are attracted to the site of the infection in response to biochemical compounds released by the invading bacteria

Remain in a specific area until the bacteria approaches

What best describes LEUKOCYTE PHAGOCYTOSIS?

The process by which leukocytes engulf (surround) and digest microorganisms

When Leukocytes end up getting destroyed by microorganisms

True or false? Inflammation is the body’s protective response to pathogens, foreign bodies, or an injury

True

False

What are Inflammatory biochemical mediators?

Biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response

A subgroup of cytokines-cause additional immune cells to be attracted to the site of an infection or injury.

Which of the following three are Mediators of importance in periodontitis include

Cytokines

Prostaglandins

Matrix metalloproteinases

Which two best coincide with cytokines?

Leukocytes secrete cytokines that play a major role in regulating the behavior of immune cells.

Chemokines-a subgroup of cytokines-cause additional immune cells to be attracted to the site of an infection or injury.

Biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response

Which two best matches with acute inflammation?

A short-term, normal process that protects and heals the body

The acute inflammation process is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues.

Is a long-lived, out-of-control inflammatory response that continues for more than a few weeks

Which five best matches with Chronic inflammation?

Is a long-lived, out-of-control inflammatory response that continues for more than a few weeks

It is a pathologic condition that can destroy healthy tissue and cause more damage than the original problem.

The classic warning signs seen in acute inflammation usually are absent in chronic inflammation.

The problem may go unnoticed by the host (patient).

Clinically, pain is often absent.

A short-term, normal process that protects and heals the body

What are five factors of the acute inflammatory response?

Blood vessels near the infected site become more permeable.

PMNs are the first cells to arrive at the site.

PMNs release cytokines.

The liver produces C-reactive protein (CRP).

If the body succeeds in eliminating all the microorganisms, the tissue will heal and inflammation will cease.

It will continue on during the duration of the patient's lifespan

True or false? Periodontal diseases are characterized by the dysfunction of the resolution pathways that shut down the inflammatory process. The result is a failure of periodontal tissues to heal and a chronic, progressive and destructive, non-resolving inflammation.

True

False

What best describes the resolution process?

It uses cells to provide stop signals that lead to shut down and clearance of immune cells. Once this is accomplished, the body actively shuts down the inflammatory response to limit damage to the host.

A short-term, normal process that protects and heals the body

What are four reasons as to why Chronic inflammation occurs?

Because the body is unable to rid itself of invading organism.

The invading microorganisms are persistent and stimulate an exaggerated immune response.

When inflammation becomes chronic, the inflammatory response can become so intense that it does permanent damage to the body tissues

Chronic inflammation is an out-of-control response that can destroy healthy tissue and cause more damage than the original problem

Because the host completely ignores the inflammation

Which three are best incorporated with the chronic inflammation process?

Chronic inflammation is characterized by an accumulation of macrophages.

Macrophages engulf and digest microorganisms.

Leukocytes release inflammatory mediators that perpetuate the inflammatory response.

The chronic process will end within a days span

True or false? Signs and symptoms of chronic inflammation may partially or completely disappear during a period of remission

True

False

What does exacerbation mean?

When the signs and symptoms may recur in all of their severity in a active period of disease

biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response

What best describes inflammatory chemical mediators?

Biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response

When the signs and symptoms may recur in all of their severity in a active period of disease

Periodontic final quiz

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