3. Indo-Gangetic plains - Ganga, Indus & Brahmaputra bring alluvial soil. Punjab - land of five river - Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas Satluj. Doab - land between two rivers (Ganga-Yamuna doab most coveted and contested). 4. Southern Peninsula - north & south separated by Vindhya & Satpura along Narmada & Tapi rivers. Deccan plateau - volcanic rock different than northern mountains. Easy to cut -> hence rock cut temples in Deccan. Western ghat passes - Palakkad/Palghat. Eastern ghats - Krishna & Tungabhadra doab (Raichur) hotly contested - famous under Satavahanas. 5. India - land of unity and diversity - pre-Aryans, Indo-Aryans, Greek, Scythias, Huns, Turks etc - each ethnic group - contributed to Indian culture. Pali was the lingua franca during 3rd century BC