Dental Reserch 7 lay vuthy
151. Which of the following phrase should be avoided in a research proposal?
σ� I hope to
σ� The intention is to complete the study by
σ� This research draws on the work of
σ� The research seeks to
152. Why do you need to review the existing literature?
σ� To make sure you have a long list of references
σ� Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
σ� To find out what is already known about your area of interest
σ� To help in your general studying
153. To read critically means:
σ� Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed
σ� Skimming through the material because most of it is just padding
σ� Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions
σ� Being negative about something before you read it
154. Which two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature review: 1. Constructing inter-textual coherence 2. Deconstruction of textual coherence 3. Problematizing the situation 4. Resolving discovered problems?
σ� 1 and 2
σ� 2 and 3
σ� 1 and 3
σ� 2 and 4
155. A systematic literature review is:
σ� One which starts in your own library, then goes to on-line databases and, finally, to the internet
σ� A replicable, scientific and transparent process
σ� One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area
σ� A responsible, professional process of time-management for research
156. What is self-plagiarism?
σ� When a person lifts material that they have previously written and pass it off as their own work
σ� Taking about yourself too much
σ� Using somebody else's work and passing it off as your own
σ� An epistemological stance
157. What is the first stage of a systematic review?
σ� Assess the relevance of each study to the research question(s)
σ� Define the purpose and scope of the review
σ� Appraise the quality of studies from the previous step
σ� Survey all of the literature contained within a single library
158. What is a narrative literature review?
σ� An historically-based review, starting with the earliest contributions to the field
σ� A review based exclusively on stories about companies, in book and case-study form
σ� A paraphrase style of reviewing which does not require referencing
σ� An initial impression of the topic which you will understand more fully as you conduct your research
159. When accessing the internet, which of these steps is the most essential?
σ� Recording the full URL
σ� Noting the access dates
σ� Downloading material to be referenced
σ� They are all equally important
160. Which of the following statements about plagiarism is most accurate?
σ� It is so easy to "copy and paste" from the internet that everyone does it nowadays. If a proper reference is given, where is the harm in that
σ� How can we say for sure where our own ideas come from exactly, If we tried to give a reference for everything we could never hope to succeed.
σ� Any suggestion that we have written what another actually wrote is morally wrong. Anyway, the whole point of a literature review is to show what we have read and what we thought about it.
σ� Plagiarism is such an awful crime that those found guilty should be obliged to wear a scarlet "P" on their clothin
161. If you have good research skills, then when you’re doing research you should feel a bit like you are:?
σ� Solving a mystery.
σ� Designing a puzzle.
σ� Digging in the ground to retrieve something.
σ� Classifying books in a research library.
162. When you have finished researching and are writing your paper, what should be your writing persona? That is, how should you come across in your paper?
σ� As a student writing for your instructor.
σ� As an instructor writing for students.
σ� As an expert writing for other experts.
σ� As a reporter writing for the general public.
163. When you write a research paper, your goal is to:?
σ� Inform your reader.
σ� Persuade your reader.
σ� Save your reader time.
σ� Motivate your reader to learn more about the subject.
164. You begin a research paper by stating your research topic. When you state your topic, what punctuation mark should you use?
σ� A period.
σ� A colon.
σ� A semi-colon.
σ� A question mark.
165. In your paper, you must include your research question
σ� In your introduction.
σ� In your thesis statement in your introduction.
σ� In the first sentence of your introduction.
σ� In the last sentence of your introduction.
166. What should you not do in your paper’s conclusion?
σ� Summarize your paper’s main point or thesis (since it’s unnecessary).
σ� Introduce a final, strong argument to support your thesis.
σ� State why the results of your research are significant.
σ� Point out where further research on your topic is needed.
167. When you are assessing the strength of research arguments and evidence, which of the following factors should you ignore?
σ� Relevance
σ� Consensus
σ� Representativeness
σ� Sufficiency
168. A researcher must have a clear idea with regards to what it is that?
σ� s/he wants to find out about and not what
σ� s/he thinks
σ� s/he must find
σ� All are corecrs
169. If you have a specific idea about what is to be researched you should?
σ� Formulate research objectives
σ� Write a research proposal
σ� Talk to your supervisor
σ� Follow the twelve steps of selecting a research problem
170. The research problem determines?
σ� How good your research skills are
σ� The amount of support you get from your supervisor
σ� How long the report will be
σ� What methodology will be used
171. The study population is information about?
σ� Phenomenon
σ� Problem
σ� People
σ� Correct answer.
σ� Programme
172. The formulation a research problem is the most _________ part of the research journey because the quality and relevance of the project entirely depends upon it?
σ� Important
σ� Correct answer.
σ� Trivial
σ� Repetitive
σ� Motivatin
173. What helps when developing a research question?
σ� A big budget
σ� Specific guidelines in other books
σ� Knowledge of the subject area.
σ� Formulating objective
174. Developing a researchable question would not involve?
σ� Bearing in mind your technical expertise in the area of research
σ� Deciding what statistical software to use
σ� Assessing the work involved
σ� Considering the time and resources available to you
175. In academic research, at University level, a verb best avoided in the research question is:?
σ� to determine.
σ� to identify.
σ� to establish.
σ� to describe.
176. Idea generation by two or more people thinking as freely as possible is formally known as:?
σ� forced relationships.
σ� brainstorming.
σ� gap analysis.
σ� the learning curve.
σ� clap-trapping.
177. What is the difference between research questions and research objectives?
σ� No difference, they are the same.
σ� One of these is proposed by a supervisor.
σ� The question is worded by the researcher, the objective is not.
σ� The wording of one is likely to be more specific than the other.
178. Circle the most appropriate explanation on “Prevalence rate”:
σ� the number of patients who have the disease at a particular time, divided by the population at risk of having the disease at that time.
σ� the number of new cases of a diseased in a population over a period of time.
σ� not useful for developing HIV/AIDS control programme.
σ� useful for developing Avian flu control programme.
σ� not useful for any disease control programme.
179. Circle type of the study design below indicated. An investigator takes a sample of healthy individuals, record their ongoing solar exposure, and relate that to the subsequent occurrence of skin cancer in the same group.:
σ� Case-control study
σ� Ecological study
σ� Cohort study
σ� Cross-sectional study
180. Which of the following is an advantage of a case-control study?:
σ� There is little or no bias in assessment of exposure.
σ� Multiple disease outcomes following a selected exposure can be readily studied.
σ� It is possible to determine the true incidence of the disease.
σ� It may be used to study etiology of a rare disease.
181. What is the meaning of cohort study?:
σ� Type of medical research used to investigate the causes of disease
σ� To establish links between risk factors and health outcomes.
σ� These types of studies look at groups of people
σ� All are corrects
182. What are focus areas of nutritional epidemiology?:
σ� The role of nutritional factors in causing disease in a population.
σ� How changes in food intake in the population can promote good health.
σ� The role of nutritional factors in causing disease in a population and how changes in food intake in the population can promote good health.
σ� All are corrects.
183. In an epidemiological context, what is the population at risk?:
σ� The proportion of a population that engage in risky behaviours.
σ� The group of people that may experience the outcome we want to study.
σ� A group of people participating in a study that may be harmful to them.
σ� The population group with the highest relative risk of disease.
184. In which one of the following circumstances will the prevalence of a disease in the population increase, all else being constant?:
σ� If the incidence rate of the disease falls.
σ� If survival time with the disease increases.
σ� If recovery of the disease is faster.
σ� If the population in which the disease is measured increases.
185. A community assesses a random sample of its residents by telephone questionnaire. Obesity is strongly associated with diagnosed diabetes. This study design is best described as which one of the following:
σ� Case-control
σ� Cohort
σ� Cross-sectional
σ� Experimental
186. A published study follows a large group of women with untreated dysplasia of the uterine cervix, documenting the number who improve, stay unchanged, or progress into cervical cancer. This study design is best described as which one of the following:
σ� Analytic, experimental
σ� Analytic, observational, cohort
σ� Analytic, observational, case/control
σ� Descriptive, observational
187. You may remember that three years ago there was a multistate outbreak of illnesses caused by a specific and unusual strain of Listeria monocytogenes. As part of the investigation of this outbreak, CDC workers checked the food histories of 20 patients infected with the outbreak strain and compared them with the food histories of 20 patients infected with other Listeria strains. This study design is best described as which one of the following:
σ� Analytical, experimental
σ� Analytical, observational, case-control
σ� Analytical, observational, cohort
σ� Descriptive
188. A research design has the following components:
σ� The study’s questions and the criteria for interpreting findings
σ� The study’s propositions
σ� The study’s units of analysis
σ� The logic linking the data to the propositions
σ� All are corrects
189. The first stage is to decide whether case studies can be useful for a specific kind of investigation. Which one of the following are factors that determine the best research methodology:
σ� The types of questions to be answered
σ� The extent of control over behavioural events
σ� The degree of focus on contemporary as opposed to historical events.
σ� All are corrects
190. In general, there are no cookbook procedures that have been agreed for the analysis of case study results, but good case study analysis adheres to the following principles:
σ� The analysis makes use of all of the relevant evidence
σ� The analysis considers all of the major rival interpretations, and explores each of them in turn
σ� The analysis should address the most significant aspect of the casestudy
σ� The analysis should draw on the researchers prior expert knowledge in the area of the case study, but in an unbiased and objective manner
σ� All are corrects
191. A case series are:
σ� Descriptive study that follows a group of patients who have a similar diagnosis
σ� Who are undergoing the same procedure over a certain period of time.
σ� Such as patients who have received a similar treatment
σ� All are corrects
192. What is an example of a case series is?:
σ� Group of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment.
σ� Case reports and case series usually contain demographic information about the patient(s),
σ� Descript age, gender, ethnic origin.
σ� All are corrects
193. A case report is:
σ� Detailed report of the diagnosis,
σ� Treatment, response to treatment,
σ� Follow-up after treatment of an individual patient
σ� All are corrects
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