Cyto exam g-version
Phagocytosis:
Acossiated with liquid
Solid matter
Similar/same as endocytosis
Occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell
What viruses are ocogenic?
Epstein Bar (EBV)
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Human papiloma virus (HPVs)
Hiv
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1),
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)
What is true regarding Histological preparation?
An instrument that cuts thin slices of paraffin block containing tissue, is named cryostat
Fixation avoids tissue autolysis
The most often used fixative in light microscopy formalin
Xylene is totally miscible with both the dehydrating fluid and embedding medium.
Stains:
Iron Hematoxylin stains type 1 collagen pink
The most common used staining is H&E
Elastic fibers are visible in H&E slides
PAS technique is used to demonstarte basement membrane
Elastic fibers are visible in orcein & resorcin fuchsin
Microscope:
Condenser collects and focuses light
The quality of magnification depends on quality of lens
Phagocytosis:
The phagosomes fuse with lysosomes, producing phagolysosomes
Its main role is to eliminate aged or damaged cells from the body
Is associated with primarily two types of white blood cells, macrophages and neutrophils
Its main role is to provide defense against invading microorganisms
Cadherins:
Are present in ZONULA and MACULA ADHERENS- between cytoplasmic plaques
Are calcium independent
Are expressed on almost every cell
Are calcium dependent
What is true about Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
The Downs syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), belonges to the immunoglobulin superfamily
Immunoglobulin superfamily is involved in homing process during inflammation
Is calcium independent
Is calcium dependent
What is true about stem cells?
Morphology similar to lymphocytes - a large nucleus and a small helix of the cytoplasm
In many tissues and organs, they reside in special places called niches
They are found in tissue in the postnatal life
They can not differentiate into multiple cell lines
Interstine stem cells:
They are located in the crypt above the Paneth cells
Crypt cells regulate the continuous exchange of differentiated cells
Niche homeostasis is maintained by crypt endothelial cells
Is only made up of crypt cells
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Process of localising proteins by antibodies
On step reaction is labelled primary antibody
Two step reaction is the indirect method(primary + secondary antibody)
Cell signaling:
Endocrine signaling is longe distance signaling (through blood stream)
Juxtracrine singnaling requires physical contact between the cells (cell surface)
Paracrine signaling means that signal molecule is released into the extracellular matrix (short distance)
Interleukine 1 by monocyte is an example of autocrine signaling
Endocrine unit of skin function:
Vitamin D synthesis
Metabolic changes
Barrier inegrity
Thermoregulation
Immunological activity
Exocrine secretion
Melanization
Blood testis barrier:
Control of adluminal environment
Prevention against generation of autoimmune response
Determining the osmotic gradient of the tubular fluid
Are specialized junctions between sertoli cells
Capillary blood-vessel wall
Second brain of gut p(ENs)
Enteric nervous system communicates with CNS
Include efferent and afferent neurons
Brain-gut axis (=communications network between ENS and CNS
Factors like gut lipoplysaccharides
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