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Law and Ethic Midterm

Ethical decision making is a behavior and can be done well or done poorly. It is inherent and is not taught or learned

The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Both statements are true

Both statements are false.

The first statement is true, the second statement is false

Moral development is thought to be a process, because moral development has been shown to typically occur in progressive steps or stages.

Both the statement and reason are correct and related

The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correc

NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct

Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related

Moral education programs seem to be most effective among which of the following members of society

Adults

Adolescents

Children

Infants

Which of the following is the most basic stage of Kohlberg's three-level model of moral development

Instrumental relativist orientation

Social contract legalistic orientation

Law and order orientation

Interpersonal concordance orientation

Punishment and obedience orientation

Which of the following theorists of cognitive moral development created the concept of the ethic of care

Lawrence Kohlberg

Carol Gilligan

Jean Piaget

People operate on their experiences to make sense of them. The experiences, as we make sense of them, change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct meanings

Both statements are false

Both statements are true

The first statement is false, the second statement is true

The first statement is true, the second statement is false

John Stuart Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, which states that an action should be judged to be moral on its capacity to provide the greatest good for the largest number of people

Both statements are true.

The first statement is false, the second statement is true

Both statements are false

The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

Adding fluoride to a community water system is a good example of the application of which of the following types of ethical reasoning?(

Deontology or nonconsequentialism

Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics

c.None of the above

Virtue ethics

Which of the following is the focus of virtue ethics?

A.To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be

B.Our duties and rights rather than the consequences of our actions

C.Our perfect duties and our imperfect duties

D.The consequences of our actions

Immanuel Kant is associated with which of the following theories of ethical thinking?(

A.None of the above

B.Nonconsequentialism

Each of the following is one of the main normative principles in health care EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? (

A.Autonomy

B.Veracity

C.Nonmaleficence

D.Beneficence

E.Justice

An ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles(

A.are involved.

B.are in conflict.

C.cancel each other out.

D.are additive with one another.

The principle that the first obligation of a health care provider is to do no harm is known as which of the following?(

A.Beneficence

B.Integrity

C.Nonmaleficence

D.Justice

Nonmaleficence is concerned with doing no harm to a patient. Beneficence requires that existing harm be removed.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Which of the following principles is self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing?(

A.Paternalism

B.Autonomy

C.Veracity

D.Justice

E.Beneficence

The application of patient autonomy is based upon which of the following theories of ethical thinking?(

A.Nonconsequentialism

B.Consequentialism

C.Virtue ethics

Which of the following principles is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved?(

A.Justice

B.Beneficence

C.Nonmaleficence

D.Autonomy

Which of the following terms is used to describe the allocation of resources in large social systems?(

A.Prima facie duty

B.Primum non nocere

C.Autonomy

D.Distributive justice

Paternalism was more prevalent in health care in the past be- cause the health care provider had superior knowledge and skill and because the patient expected the health care provider to make decisions in the best interest of the patient.(

A.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

B.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

C.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

D.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

E.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

Dental hygienists are required to maintain their level of knowledge and skill through participation in which of the following?(

A.Using top quality rather than inferior quality materials

B.Appropriate continuing education programs

C.Graduation from an accredited institution where dental hygiene is taught

D.Using standardized operating procedures

When was the first Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health published?(

A.1950

B.2000

C.1900

D.1850

The use of "oral health" and not "dental health" was a deliberate choice of words in the first Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health because oral health is equivalent to healthy teeth.(

A.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

B.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

C.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

D.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

E.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

More than how many people in the United States are estimated to be underinsured or have no health insurance?(

A.57 million

B.47 million

C.37 million

D.26 million

Listed under the American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) Standards of Professional Responsibility, Community, and Soci- ety are several points that include all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?(

A.Veracity

B.Promoting public health

C.Increasing access to care

D.Recognizing an obligation to provide pro bono service

Which of the following is an ethical principle that focuses on the individual rather than society?(

A.Caring

B.Stewardship

C.Justice

D.Autonomy

Two Institute of Medicine reports in the early 2000s advocated increased professionalism and which of the following as a part of improving quality and bridging gaps in health care? +a.Development of a nationalized dental delivery system(

B.Social justice

C.Increased delivery of sealants

D.More federal funding

A code of ethics is one of the essential characteristics of a true profession. It is a guideline for members of a professional group used for self-regulation of the group.(

A.Both statements are false.

B.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

C.Both statements are true.

D.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

It is the obligation of professionals to help regulate their profession, because the reputation of the profession and the well-being of the public ultimately rest on a willingness to engage in meaningful self-policing of the profession.(

A.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

B.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

C.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

D.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

E.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Which of the following statements about codes of ethics is most accurate?(

A.It is easy to determine the degree to which codes of ethics are effective.

B.It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics to be extremely valuable.

C.There is no way to judge acceptable parameters of behavior according to a code of ethics.

D.The professions cannot do anything about it if someone does not behave with integrity.

Power and prestige is granted to the professions, because a code of ethics is a promise to society to uphold certain values and standards in the practice of the profession.(

A.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

B.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

C.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

D.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

E.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

The first principle function of a code of ethics is to provide an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard.(

True

False

How can the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienists be amended?(

A.If changes are approved by a majority of state dental hygiene associations.

B.The ADHA Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienists cannot be modified. It can only be replaced.

C.If changes are approved at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a majority of the group.

D.If changes are approved at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a two-thirds vote of the group.

Which of the following types of ethical theories is thought to be of the most influence in screening applicants for professional schools of health care?(

A.Nonconsequentialism

B.Virtue ethics

C.Consequentialism

Ethical decision making is(

A.learned throughout a lifetime.

B.learned in curriculum in professional school.

C.inherently understood by children.

D.acquired through continuing education classes following the period of formal education.

The ethical awareness of an individual is called moral(

A.dilemma.

B.uncertainty.

C.distress.

D.sensitivity.

E.weakness

The goal of an ethical decision-making model is to(

A.provide a cookbook process for determining a solution to a problem.

B.provide a matrix for determining the solution so the provider does not have to think about the situation.

C.make a decision about right and wrong.

D.provide a framework for making the best decision in a particular situation.

Which of the following is true concerning the ethical deci- sion-making model presented in the chapter?(

A.It is a six-step approach diagrammed as a square grid.

B.It is a four-step approach diagrammed as a circle.

C.It is a six-step approach diagrammed as a circle.

D.It is a four-step approach diagrammed as a square grid.

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision-making model presented in the text?(

A.State the options.

B.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

C.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

D.Collect information.

Which of the following steps of the ethical decision-making model is characterized by developing a list of pros and cons?(

A.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

B.State the options.

C.Collect information.

D.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives or options as possible is part of which of the following steps of the ethical decision making model?(

A.State the options.

B.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

C.Collect information.

D.Implement the decision.

Which of the following forms of government has the authority and responsibility to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the state's citizens?(

A.State government

B.The federal government

C.County government

D.City or township government

Which of the following branches of state government is authorized to enact laws or statutes that prescribe or prohibit activities within the state?(

A.Legislative branch

B.Executive branch

C.Judicial branch

D.Municipal

The practice of dental hygiene is regulated through all three branches of the government.(

True

False

Dental hygienists must be familiar with the laws that deal specif- ically with dental hygiene as well as the general laws that protect the well-being of the state's citizens because the statutes that regulate the health professions are not all encompassing.(

A.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

B.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

C.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

D.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

E.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

Each of the following is an example of an issue that may be regulated by state laws but may not be specifically incorporated into the State Dental Practice Act EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?(

A.Mandatory malpractice insurance

B.Biomedical wastes and hazards management

C.Consent to treatment and informed consent

D.Continuing education requirements

E.False health care claims

The practice of dental hygiene is different in each state, because it is not nationally regulated.(

A.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

B.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

C.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

D.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

E.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

How often should a dental hygienist review the applicable State Dental Practice Act?(

A.It is not necessary once a student has graduated from an accredited dental hygiene program.

B.Once every 3 years.

C.When first graduating from an accredited dental hygiene pro- gram.

D.When first applying for a license in the state where he or she intends to practice dental hygiene.

E.On a yearly basis.

A condition of dental hygiene licensure generally is graduation from a dental hygiene program accredited by which of the follow- ing organizations?(

A.The Food and Drug Administration

B.The Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) of the American Dental Association

C.The National Institutes of Health

D.The Federal Trade Commission

"Dental hygienists who have graduated from a CODA accredited dental hygiene program, who are licensed in good standing in a state with similar or higher requirements for licensure, and who have practiced dental hygiene for a minimum prescribed period may have examination requirements waived on the basis of their credentials," according to which of the following principles? (

A.Licensure by endorsement or reciprocity

B.Informed consent

C.Quid pro quo

D.Garnishment

Which of the following types of dental hygiene license may be granted on the basis of examination or endorsement of credentials? Such a license permits unrestricted practice within the scope of the State Dental Practice Act.(

A.Faculty license

B.Temporary license

C.Volunteer license

D.Full license

The practice of dental hygiene without a valid license is a(

A.civil offense that may be categorized as a felony.

B.criminal offense that may be categorized as a felony.

C.criminal offense that may be categorized as a misdemeanor but not as a felony.

D.civil offense that may be categorized as a misdemeanor but not as a felony.

Dental hygienists who are not actively practicing dental hygiene and do not want to maintain a current license may be able to apply for which of the following types of licenses?(

A.Full license

B.Faculty license

C.Temporary license

D.Inactive license

E.Volunteer license

Dental hygienists have the obligation to limit their practice to the scope of functions permitted by law in the jurisdiction in which they are practicing. If asked by an employing dentist to perform services that are clearly outside the legal scope of practice, the dental hygienist should defer to his or her supervisor and perform those services.(

A.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

B.Both statements are true.

C.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

D.Both statements are false.

Which of the following forms of supervision require the dentist to be present in the dental office during treatment by the dental hygienist?(

A.Direct supervision, but not indirect supervision and general supervision

B.Direct supervision and indirect supervision, but not general supervision

C.Indirect supervision and general supervision, but not direct supervision

D.Direct supervision, indirect supervision, and general supervision

E.Direct supervision and general supervision, but not indirect supervision

When is a dental hygienist required to provide documentation or certification of compliance with continuing education requirements?(

A.Only when renewing a lapsed license to practice as a dental hygienist

B.When relocating from one state to another while in practice c.When making an initial application for a license in a particular state following

D.graduation from an accredited dental hygiene program in any state

E.When renewing a current license to practice as a dental hygienist

Dental hygiene professionals must be familiar with the legal principles of the dental hygienist-patient relationship to guide their actions, decisions, record keeping, and professional interactions.(

True

False

Which of the following is a wrongful act against a person that violates his or her person (body), privacy, or property or contractual rights?(

A.Deposition

B.Defamation

C.Criminal offense

D.Civil offense

Which of the following is correct name for the party bringing a claim in a civil proceeding and in a criminal proceeding respectively?(

A.Plaintiff; complainant

B.Complainant; prosecutor

C.Plaintiff; prosecutor

D.Aggressor; defendant

E.Prosecutor; plaintiff

The establishment of guilt in a criminal case requires a high level of certainty known as(

A.preponderance of evidence.

B.binding arbitration.

C.fiduciary relationship.

D.beyond a reasonable doubt.

A contractual relationship is a relationship that binds each of the parties to fulfill his or her committed responsibilities. A breach of contract is the failure to meet one's contractual obligation, and it may be remedied through the judicial system.(

A.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

B.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

C.Both statements are true.

D.Both statements are false.

Which of the following is true of tort law?(

A.A tort is a crime that involves criminal law.

B.A tort is a legally binding agreement in writing.

C.A tort is a civil wrong.

D.A tort is a legally binding agreement that is not in writing.

Which of the following is true of assault and battery?(

A.Assault is categorized as an intentional tort; however, battery is an unintentional tort.

B.Both are categorized as intentional torts.

C.Battery is categorized as an intentional tort; however, assault is an unintentional tort.

d.Neither assault nor battery is categorized as an intentional tort.

Which of the following is true of an intentional tort to a person?(

A.An injury must be involved for battery to occur.

B.Physical contact must happen for battery to occur.

C.More than one of the above.

D.Physical contact must happen for assault to occur.

Patients have the right to obtain their original records. Records must be provided free of charge.(

A.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

B.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

C.Both statements are false.

D.Both statements are true.

Each of the following should be found in a professional résumé EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?(

A.Professional experiences

B.Marital status

C.Employment history

D.Educational background

Which of the following is a question that may legally be asked during the interview process?(

A.What is your native language?

B.Do you practice a religion?

C.What languages can you speak?

D.How many children do you have and how old are they?

Each of the following interview questions is not permitted EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?(

A.Have you ever been convicted of a crime?

B.Have you ever been arrested?

C.How old are you? (to someone who appears to be in his or her 40s)

D.Are you Hispanic or from the Middle East?

E.How long have you been married?

At-will employment means that(

A.termination of employment requires 2 weeks' notice.

B.the employment has a definite duration.

C.termination of employment requires 4 weeks' notice.

D.termination of employment can legally occur without notice.

Many federal and state employment laws are designed to protect the interests of(

A.both employees and employers.

B.employees but not employers.

C.neither employees nor employers.

D.employers but not employees.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to employers with how many employees?(

A.Just 1. Any employer must comply with this Act.

B.Fifty or more employees.

C.Five or more employees.

D.One hundred or more employees.

E.Fifteen or more employees.

Which of the following is true of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act? An employer can refuse to hire a qualified applicant on the basis of pregnancy.

A.An employer can have a policy that prohibits an employee from returning to work for a predetermined time after childbirth.

B.An employer can limit pregnancy benefits to married employees.

C.An employer can treat the pregnant employee like any other temporarily disabled employee in terms of available options if a temporary inability to work occurs, such as leave or leave without pay.

D.An employer can treat pregnancy-related conditions differently by requesting that only pregnant employees undergo medical evaluations regarding the ability to work.

According to the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993, an employer must grant an eligible employee up to how many weeks of unpaid leave during a 12-month period for a qualifying reason?(

A.8 weeks

B.4 weeks

C.12 weeks

D.20 weeks

E.16 weeks

Which of the following is a federal law that protects against dis- crimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?(

A.Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

B.Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994

C.Equal Pay Act of 1963

D.Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

E.Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

Disabled individuals can qualify for protection under the Ameri- cans with Disabilities Act if they can perform the job with or without reasonable accommodation. Employers are required to provide reasonable accommodation to a qualified disabled employee or job applicant.(

A.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

B.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

C.Both statements are true.

D.Both statements are false.

You are at a party and notice that a friend has consumed more al- cohol than usual and appears inebriated. At you watch her weave to her car, you wrestle with intervening, and many questions go through your mind. You wonder if she will be angry and resent it later on if you try to stop her but fear that she will not make it home safely if you do not. You wrestle whether or not to grab her keys and call a cab. This is an example of which of the following types of ethics?(

A.Consequentialist ethics

B.Nonconsequentialist ethics

C.Virtue ethics

D.None of the above

Which member of the dental team is the primary oral preventive therapist?(

A.Dentist

B.Dental hygienist

C.Dental assistant d.Receptionist

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages of mastery learning according to the competency continuum?(

A.Novice, proficient, competent

B.Master, competent, novice

C.Novice, competent, proficient

D.Proficient, novice, competent

E.Competent, novice, master

Which of the following is regarded as the most important aspect of the delivery of health care services?(

A.Technical skill

B.Appropriate knowledge

C.Critical judgment

D.Caring

Which of the following characteristics is used to separate the professional from the layperson?(

A.Competency

B.Quality performance

C.A specialized body of knowledge and skill of value to society

D.A code of ethics

Professionalism is demonstrated through a foundation of clinical competence, communication skills, and ethical and legal under- standing. Upon this foundation is built the aspiration to and wise application of the principles of professionalism.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Which of the following is an example of interprofessional education (IPE) in an academic health center involving two different health education organizations?(

A.Nursing students learn about nursing bottle caries along with dental hygiene students.

B.Dental students learn about preventive fluoride along with den- tal hygiene students.

C.Dental students learn about dental restorative procedures along with dental hygiene students.

D.Dental hygiene students learn about dental preventive procedures along with dental assisting students.

A license to practice as a dental hygienist is granted by(

A.The American Dental Association

B.The American Dental Hygienists' Association

C.The State Board of Dentistry

D.The school of matriculation, meaning where the student grad- uated

Which of the following individuals is regarded as the father of dental hygiene?(

A.Dr. David T. Ozar

B.Dr. Laurence McCullough

C.Dr. A. C. Fones

D.Dr. Carl Rogers

Which of the following is regarded as an expanded function for a dental hygienist rather than a traditional duty?(

A.Scaling and root planing

B.Patient education

C.Exposing dental radiographs

D.Administration of an injection

Ethical decision making is a behavior and can be done well or done poorly. It is inherent and is not taught or learned.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

In the academic world, examining the different ways in which moral thinking can be done is called a study of(

A.humanity.

B.moral or ethical theory.

C.behavior.

D.operant conditioning. e.reasoning.

Which of the following is thought to be one of the strongest and most consistent correlates with development of moral judgment?(

A.Age

B.Years of formal education

C.Social status

D.Income

According to Piaget's four-stage model of moral development, the egocentric stage is found in individuals of which of the following ages?(

A.0-2 years old

B.2-7 years old

C.7-12 years old

D.12 years old and older

Which of the following is the most basic stage of Kohlberg's three-level model of moral development?(

A.Interpersonal concordance orientation

B.Law and order orientation

C.Punishment and obedience orientation

D.Instrumental relativist orientation

E.Social contract legalistic orientation

Which of the following theorists of cognitive moral development created the concept of the ethic of care?(

A.Lawrence Kohlberg

B.Jean Piaget

C.Carol Gilligan

Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives or options as pos- sible is part of which of the following steps of the ethical deci- sion-making model?(

A.Collect information.

B.State the options.

C.Implement the decision.

D.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

The dental hygiene oath is revised by action of which of the following professional organizations?(

A.The American Dental Association (ADA)

B.The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA)

C.The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

D.The Organization for Safety, Asepsis, and Prevention (OSAP) e.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Which of the following terms is used to describe the allocation of resources in large social systems?(

A.Autonomy

B.Distributive justice

C.Prima facie duty d.Primum non nocere

Who was a proponent of utilitarianism?(

A.Immanuel Kant

B.Plato

C.John Stuart Mill

D.Aristotle

Adding fluoride to a community water system is a good example of the application of which of the following types of ethical reasoning?(

A.Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics

B.Deontology or nonconsequentialism

C.Virtue ethics

D.None of the above

Immanuel Kant is associated with which of the following theories of ethical thinking?(

A.Virtue ethics

B.Consequentialism

C.Nonconsequentialism

D.None of the above

Which of the following ethical types of reasoning would be most likely to say that a physician should be honest in telling a cancer patient that he or she only has a short time to live, even if he or she knew the patient would live longer if he or she did not know the truth?(

A.Consequentialist ethics

B.Nonconsequentialist ethics

C.Virtue ethics

Immanuel Kant's test for correct moral reasoning is called the categorical imperative, which means a(

A.designation of the reasoning according to four criteria.

B.stable pattern of perceiving, thinking, and acting rightly.

C.rule or standard of conduct that is binding for all human beings.

D.consequence of an alternative course of action in a given situation.

Which of the following is the focus of virtue ethics?(

A.Our perfect duties and our imperfect duties

B.To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be

C.The consequences of our actions

D.Our duties and rights rather than the consequences of our actions

Dental hygienists are required to maintain their level of knowledge and skill through participation in which of the following?(

A.Graduation from an accredited institution where dental hygiene is taught

B.Appropriate continuing education programs

C.Using standardized operating procedures

D.Using top quality rather than inferior quality materials

Which of the following principles is self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing?

A.Beneficence

B.Autonomy

C.Justice

D.Paternalism

E.Veracity

Which of the following is true concerning the ethical deci- sion-making model presented in the chapter?(

A.It is a four-step approach diagrammed as a square grid.

B.It is a four-step approach diagrammed as a circle.

C.It is a six-step approach diagrammed as a square grid.

D.It is a six-step approach diagrammed as a circle.

Which of the following principles is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved?(

A.Nonmaleficence

B.Beneficence

C.Autonomy

D.Justice

Which of the following is associated with the American Dental Association (ADA) Code of Ethics?(

A.Five core values

B.Five fundamental principles

C.Seven core values

D.Seven fundamental principles

The provision of dental care is applied equally in the United States. People who present for treatment are granted access based on their dental needs.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Which of the following means that the health care professional acts as a parent and makes decisions for the patient?(

A.Veracity

B.Informed consent

C.Paternalism

D.Confidentiality

Veracity is being honest and telling the truth. Honesty on the part of patient and clinician allows the patient to use his or her autonomy to make decisions in his or her own best interest.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

The right of the patient to assess all the information provided by the professional yet still make a choice that is not the one most valued by the professional is known as(

A.cognitive dissonance.

B.informed refusal.

C.a fork in the road.

D.independent thinking.

Which of the following values and concepts is related to respect for persons and involves the patient exercising his or her autonomy in providing information to the professional?(

A.Veracity

B.Capacity

C.Confidentiality

D.Paternalism

The dental hygienist who suspects child abuse should place the welfare of the child over the autonomy of the parent. The stronger duty in this instance is the good of the child, not the right of the parent.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Which of the following principles is found in the American Dental Hygiene Association code but not in the American Dental Association code?(

A.Beneficence

B.Nonmaleficence

C.Veracity

D.Societal trust

How does dental hygiene fit with the goals of health promotion that have been established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?(

A.Dental hygienists are focused on prevention.

B.Dental hygienists are well-respected professionals.

C.Dental hygienists are licensed by their respective State Board of Dentistry.

D.Dental hygienists can collaborate with fellow health care pro- fessionals.

The concept of service and the aspirations for professionalism in dental hygiene are established in which of the following documents?(

A.Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Set- tings—Centers for Disease Control

B.The American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) Code of Ethics

C.The American Dental Association (ADA) Code of Ethics

D.The State Board of Dentistry for the respective state

How the dental hygienist uses his or her skills and knowledge to advance the public good is part of the obligation laid out in which of the following?(

A.Code of Ethics

B.Curriculum vitae

C.Prima facie duties

D.Res gestae

According to the text, a dentist's decision to participate or not in a safety net program such as Medicaid can be viewed as fulfillment of which of the following?(

A.Establishing adequate reimbursement levels

B.The social contract

C.Providing a broad range of services

D.Ensuring a good practitioner to patient ratio

The principle that the first obligation of a health care provider is to do no harm is known as which of the following?(

A.Integrity

B.Justice

C.Beneficence

D.Nonmaleficence

Which of the following options was recommended for Joan Lake- side according to the hypothetical case presented in the textbook?(

A.Showing her oral pathology textbook to Dr. McVey and attempt to convince him to refer the patient.

B.Go to another practitioner herself to try and gather support for her position.

C.Call the patient herself and recommend another opinion.

D.Do nothing and wait for the patient's next appointment.

Which of the following is associated with making a choice rather than resolving a dilemma?(

A.Careful decision making

B.Issues of right and wrong

C.Weighing options

D.A variety of answers, each of which has an element of rightness

The two aspects that are involved in ethics are the ability to discern right from wrong and

A.complying with laws enacted by the state legislature.

B.complying with rules established by the state board of dentistry.

C.the commitment to act on a decision.

D.maintaining the status quo.

Each of the following is one of the "four A's" of The American As- sociation of Critical Care Nurses (AACCN) EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?(

A.Act

B.Affirm

C.Assess

D.Associate

E.Ask

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision-making model presented in the text?(

A.State the options.

B.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

C.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

D.Collect information.

The ethical decision-making process is futile if no action is taken, because no action represents tacit approval of the situation.(

A.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

B.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

C.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

D.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

E.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Dental hygienists usually are employed by a dentist or groups

Of dentists, which is problematic, because an ethical conflict or dilemma can be intensified when a subordinate observes an unethical action performed by an individual in a position of power.(

A.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

B.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

C.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

D.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

E.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Disparities and inequalities in oral health care affect the most vulnerable populations. These groups cannot access care for financial reasons, but lack of access also can be caused by fear and complex psychosocial or cultural assumptions.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

C.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

D.Both statements are false.

Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives or options as possible is part of which of the following steps of the ethical deci- sion-making model?(

A.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

B.Implement the decision.

C.Collect information.

D.State the options.

Nonmaleficence is concerned with doing no harm to a patient. Beneficence requires that existing harm be removed.(

A.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.Both statements are true.

An individual who demonstrates certain attributes, traits, and behaviors that embrace the best qualities of care and service is known as a(

A.professional.

B.vendor.

C.technician.

D.supplier.

Veracity is being honest and telling the truth. Honesty on the part of patient and clinician allows the patient to use his or her autonomy to make decisions in his or her own best interest.(

A.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

B.Both statements are true.

C.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

D.Both statements are false.

It is expected that racial and ethnic minority groups will constitute the emerging majority of the U.S. Population by(

A.2050.

B.2060.

C.2030.

D.2040.

Which of the following statements about codes of ethics is most accurate?(

A.There is no way to judge acceptable parameters of behavior according to a code of ethics.

B.It is easy to determine the degree to which codes of ethics are effective.

C.The professions cannot do anything about it if someone does not behave with integrity.

D.It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics to be extremely valuable.

A health care provider may not always be able to avoid harm, because causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to a greater good may be necessary.(

A.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

B.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

C.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

D.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

E.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

Where was the first ethical code developed? (

A.Greece

B.Italy

C.France

D.Assyria

E.United States

Ethical decision making is(

A.inherently understood by children.

B.learned throughout a lifetime.

C.acquired through continuing education classes following the period of

D.formal education.

E.learned in curriculum in professional school.

The goal of an ethical decision-making model is to(

A.provide a matrix for determining the solution so the provider does not have to think about the situation.

B.provide a cookbook process for determining a solution to a problem.

C.provide a framework for making the best decision in a particular situation.

D.make a decision about right and wrong.

Who was a proponent of utilitarianism?(

A.Immanuel Kant

B.John Stuart Mill

C.Plato

D.Aristotle

Ethical decision making is a behavior and can be done well or done poorly. It is inherent and is not taught or learned.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.Both statements are false.

Which of the following steps of the ethical decision-making model is characterized by developing a list of pros and cons?(

A.Collect information.

B.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

C.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

D.State the options.

It is the obligation of professionals to help regulate their profes- sion, because the reputation of the profession and the well-being of the public ultimately rest on a willingness to engage in mean- ingful self-policing of the profession.(

A.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

B.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

C.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

D.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

E.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

How can the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienists be amended?(

A.If changes are approved at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a majority of the group.

B.If changes are approved by a majority of state dental hygiene associations.

C.If changes are approved at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a two-thirds vote of the group.

D.The ADHA Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienists cannot be modified. It can only be replaced.

When was the inception of the profession of dental hygiene?(

A.In the early 1800s

B.In ancient Greece

C.In the early 1900s

D.In 1979

Which of the following ethical values and concepts is thought to be in the most conflict with autonomy?(

A.Paternalism

B.Confidentiality

C.Veracity

D.Informed consent

A practitioner must provide the treatment chosen by a patient even if he or she does not agree with it, because the patient has a right to choose based on the principle of autonomy.(

A.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

B.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

C.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

D.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

E.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

Success is measured by financial gain in the corporate world; however, for the health care professional the patient's welfare is placed above profit.(

A.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

B.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

C.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

D.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

E.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

Defining basic dental care is a daunting task that challenges communities and the federal government. The goal of improving the health of the population is a societal greater good benefiting society at large.(

A.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

B.Both statements are false.

C.Both statements are true.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Paternalism was more prevalent in health care in the past be- cause the health care provider had superior knowledge and skills and because the patient expected the health care provider to make decisions in the best interest of the patient.(

A.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

B.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

C.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

D.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

E.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

A code of ethics is one of the essential characteristics of a true profession. It is a guideline for members of a professional group used for self-regulation of the group.(

A.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

D.Both statements are true.

Which of the following ethical theories regards an action as right when it conforms to a principle or rule of conduct that meets a requirement of some overriding duty?(

A.Nonconsequentialism

B.Virtue ethics

C.Deontology

D.Consequentialism

Which of the following terms is used to describe the allocation of resources in large social systems?(

A.Autonomy

B.Primum non nocere

C.Distributive justice

D.Prima facie duty

An ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles(

A.cancel each other out.

B.are involved.

C.are additive with one another.

D.are in conflict.

The provision of dental care is applied equally in the United States. People who present for treatment are granted access based on their dental needs.(

A.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

B.Both statements are true.

C.Both statements are false.

D.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Which of the following is the most critical step in the ethical decision-making model?(

A.Collect information.

B.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

C.State the options.

D.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision-making model presented in the text?(

A.State the options.

B.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

C.Collect information.

D.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

Which of the following is an ethical principle that focuses on the individual rather than society?(

A.Autonomy

B.Caring

C.Stewardship

D.Justice

Moral development is thought to be a process, because moral development has been shown to typically occur in progressive steps or stages.(

A.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

B.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

C.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

D.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

E.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

Each of the following is one of the main normative principles in health care EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?(

A.Veracity

B.Nonmaleficence

C.Autonomy

D.Beneficence

E.Justice

According to Kant, helping an elderly person cross the street is (a/an)(

A.categorical imperative.

B.imperfect duty.

C.universal law.

D.moral obligation.

E.perfect duty.

Which of the following models or professionalism presents dentistry as an all-knowing profession?(

A.Guild

D.commercial

C.interactive

Which of the following types of ethical theories is thought to be of the most influence in screening applicants for professional schools of health care?(

A.Virtue ethics

B.Nonconsequentialism

C.Consequentialism

A.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.Both statements are true.

Which of the practice models described by Ozar is considered most desirable?(

A.Guild

B.Interactive

C.Commercial

Which of the following professional traits of the dental hygienist ensures that the patient should be confident that information given in written and verbal form is held in confidence and handled appropriately?(

A.Honesty and integrity

B.Maturity and self-analysis

C.Caring and compassion

D.Reliability and responsibility

It is illegal for a dentist to report suspected child abuse to authorities because it is a violation of confidentiality.(

A.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

B.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

C.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

D.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. e.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Immanuel Kant is associated with which of the following theories of ethical thinking?(

A.Virtue ethics

B.Consequentialism

C.None of the above

D.Nonconsequentialism

Power and prestige is granted to the professions, because a code of ethics is a promise to society to uphold certain values and standards in the practice of the profession.(

A.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

B.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

C.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

D.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

How often must a dental hygiene program undergo a formal, on-site review by the accrediting body?(

A.Every 7 years

B.Only once, when the program is first created

C.Every 10 years

D.Every 3 years

Which of the following is found as a core value in the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) Code but are not found asfundamental principles in the American Dental Association (ADA) Code of Ethics?(

A.Autonomy

B.Nonmaleficence and beneficence

C.Veracity

D.Societal trust

Society recognizes that health care providers are held to a higher standard than legislative mandate. These higher standards are expressed in professional codes of ethics and are enforced by the legal system.(

A.Both statements are true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

D.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

People operate on their experiences to make sense of them. The experiences, as we make sense of them, change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct meanings.(

A.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

B.Both statements are true.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.Both statements are false.

When was the first Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health published?(

A.1900

B.2000

C.1950

D.1850

The ethical awareness of an individual is called moral(

A.dilemma.

B.uncertainty.

C.sensitivity.

D.distress.

E.weakness.

John Stuart Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, which states that an action should be judged to be moral on its capacity to provide the greatest good for the largest number of people.(

A.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

B.Both statements are false.

C.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

D.Both statements are true.

The principle that the first obligation of a health care provider is to do no harm is known as which of the following?(

A.Beneficence

B.Integrity

C.Justice

D.Nonmaleficence

Which of the types of moral problems categorized by Campbell and Rogers exists when obligations or responsibilities are in conflict?(

A.Moral uncertainty

B.Moral weakness

C.Moral distress

D.Moral dilemma

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