Gen Path 1, Session 12
What is the correct term for fluid in a body cavity?
Effusion
Dropsy
Ascites
Edema
Which of the following situations yields a protein-rich exudate?
Sepsis
Nutritional disorders
Congestive heart failure
Hepatic failure
Via which two organs can plasma protein be lost, resulting in edema?
Kidneys, liver
GIT, kidneys
Liver, cardiovascular system
GIT, liver
What is the result of albumin loss?
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperadrenocorticism
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperestrogenism
A chylous effusion is best described as.....
Sanguinous
Viscous
Turgid
Milky
In acute hepatic congestion, what change do periportal hepatocytes undergo?
Dissociation
Atrophy
Fatty change
Ischemic necrosis
Spinal cord injury or anesthetic incident can lead to what type of shock?
Neurologic
Neurogenic
Neuroseptic
Neuronal
What causes 'endotoxic' (septic) shock?
Anaerobic bacteria
Acid-fast bacterial
Gram-negative bacteria
Saprophytic bacteria
Via what clotting factor do microbial components induce coagulation?
Factor IX
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XI
Via what receptor on inflammatory cells does thrombin trigger inflammation?
PRRs
NLRs
TLRs
PARs
Which of the following is a deleterious substance made by the endothelium during shock?
LPS
PAF
TLS
PAS
What hormone is released as a surge in the initial stages of shock, and subsequently is deficient?
Catecholamines
Insulin
Glucagon
Glucocorticoids
What is the term for adrenal necrosis which often occurs during septic shock?
Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
Bing-Horton syndrome
Gorlin-Goltz syndrome
Adson-Caffey syndrome
Secreted bacterial proteins causing toxic shock syndrome may be known as...
Superantigens
Hyperantigens
Hypertoxins
Supertoxins
Which of the following is NOT a phase of cardiogenic or hypovolaemic shock?
Non-progressive
Irreversible
Progressive
Terminal
In "shock lung", what is seen?
Diffuse alveolar damage
Multifocal bronchiolar damage
Multifocal alveolar necrosis
Diffuse bronchiolar damage
Fibrin-rich microthrombi are seen in which form of shock?
Septic
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Anaphylactic
Which of the following is a typical kidney lesion seen in shock?
Intraluminal protein casts
Acute glomerulitis
Renal medullary hemorrhage
Acute tubular necrosis
Which of the following CAN freely move across cell membranes?
Fatty acids
Glucose
Calcium
Amino acids
In the equation describing net filtration across the endothelium, what does "K" represent?
Reflection coefficient
Hydrostatic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure
Capillary endothelial permeability constant
What molecule is mainly responsible for the differences in osmotic pressure between the plasma and interstitium?
Electrolytes
Plasma proteins
Water
Glucose
The major component of arteriole walls is...
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Elastic fibers
Fibrous tissue
What structural component do arteries have that veins lack?
Smooth muscle
Collagen
Internal elastic lamina
Vasa vasorum
As well as in brain, bone, and muscle, continuous capillaries are found in which of the following tissues?
Spleen
Intestine
Liver
Lung
The increased pressure gradient caused by decreased pressure in the heart during filling is known as:
Cardiac traction effect
Cardiac vacuum effect
Cardiac suction effect
Cardiac pressure effect
Decreased pressure in thoracic veins due to negative pressure in the thoracic cavity is known as the:
Thoracic pump
Diaphragmatic pump
Respiratory pump
Ventilation pump
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions most likely lead to edema?
II, III
I, II
I, III
II, IV
High altitude can cause what type of pathological change?
Ascites
Portal hypertension
Hydropericardium
Pulmonary edema
Approximately what percent of the blood volume must be lost for a dramatic fall in blood pressure and cardiac output to occur?
10%
20%
40%
5%
LPS inhibits the endothelium from producing Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor and what other substance?
Von Willebrand Factor
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
Thrombomodulin
Protease-Activated receptors
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