UA & FA

Is the product of urine metabolism?

Water percentage of urine?

Solutes percentage of urine?

Major organic component of urine?

Major inorganic component of urine?

One of the oldest laboratory procedure, is the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine involving a number of tests to detect and measure various compounds that passes through the urine.

Reasons for doing urinalysis

These occurs before the actual testing

Pre analytical phase includes:

Before one can proceed with any examination, the urine specimen must be evaluated in terms of its acceptability. Considerations include:

Increase changes in unpreserved/deteriorated urine

Decrease changes in unpreserved/deteriorated urine

Physical urine preservation

Chemical urine preservation

Analytical Phase

Macroscopic Examination

TURBIDITY

Organized sediments

Unorganized sediments

Extreneous Matters

Crystals in Acidic Urine

Crystals in Alkaline Urine

Abnormal Acidic Urine

Macroscopic pink upon refrigeration, microscopic brick red or yellow brown in color

Product of purine metabolism, rhombic, wedge, hexagonal, whetstone, lemon-shaped. MISTAKEN AS CYSTINE CRYSTALS. Present in pxs with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

May also be seen in neutral/sl. Alkaline urine. Mostly appear as envelope or pyramidal (dihydrate) Dumbbell and ovoid rectangle seen in cases of ethylene glycol poisoning (monohydrate) Derived from various food notably spinach, rhubarb, berries and tomatoes

Granular, similar to amorphous urates, macroscopic white turbidity

Also seen in neutral urine. Colorless granules larger than amorphous phosphates. Often appearing as “dumbbell forms or spherical forms

Yellow-brown/golden. “thorny apples” / spicule-covered spheres. Only urate found in alkaline urine. Converts to uric acid crystal when glacial acetic acid is added

Colorless, flat rectangular plates on thin prisms often in rosette formation. Constituent of renal calculi

Referred to as coffin lid crystals. Also seen in neutral/ sl. Acidic urine. Seen in highly alkaline urine associated with presence of urea-splitting bacteria.

Hexagonal plates, colorless, highly refractile and thick/thin and Often mistaken with uric acid but dissolves in diluted HCl (uric acid does not)

Other proteins present in the urinary filtrate such as albumin and immunoglobulins are also incorporated into this matrix.

A major constituent and a glycoprotein excreted by the RTE cells of the distal convoluted tubules and upper collecting ducts.

Usually seen accompanying hyaline cast following periods of stress and strenuous exercise

Seen in conjunction with oval fat bodies in disorders causing “lipiduria” such as nephrotic syndrome

Presence in urine presents grave prognosis, referred to as “renal failure cast”

FECALYSIS Importance

Waste materials in a bowel movement made up of undigested food, bacteria, mucus, cells and other elements

Components of Normal Stool

Patient education • Instruction on how to collect • Specimen container • Type and amount to collect • Contaminants to avoid

Macroscopic Analytical Phase of Fecalysis

Microscopic Analytical Phase of Fecalysis

What color of stool that can cause of Upper GI bleeding; Iron therapy; Charcoal; Bismuth

What color of stool that can cause of Lower GI bleeding; Beets and food coloring; Rifampin

What color of stool that can cause of Bile-duct obstruction.; Barium SO4

Biliverdin/ oral antibiotics; green vegetables

Bile-duct obstruction.; Pancreatic disorder

Intestinal constriction

Colitis; Dysentery; Malignancy; Constipation