ERGO2 MOD 3 AND 4

Is really the core of information processing, in which people evaluate alternatives and select an appropriate response.

Is the human tendency to make systematic errors in judging or making decisions based upon certain thinking, thoughts, or preconceived notions.

σ�By understanding these biases, the industrial engineer may be able to better present information and better set up the overall process to improve the quality of decision making and minimize errors

σ�In addition, current theories on decision making center around _______. Which is an evaluation of all the cues received from the surrounding environment.

To improve situational awareness, operators need to be trained to recognize and consider appropriate cues, to check the situation for consistency within the cues, and to analyze and resolve any conflicts in the cues or the situation.

σ�The speed and difficulty of decision making and response selection, as discussed above, are influenced by many factors. One attempt at quantifying this process is typically performed through a _______________________ in which the operator will respond to several stimuli with several appropriate responses

σ�Based on the human information processing system, the response time should ______ as the number of alternative stimuli increases.

The response is nonlinear (Figure b), but when decision complexity is quantified in terms of the amount of information conveyed in bits, then the response becomes linear and is referred to as ________

σ�Hick’s Law (or the Hick-Hyman Law) is named after a British and an American psychologist team of

A design principle known as ___________ became recognized in the 1960s for its effectiveness in this regard. Echoing Hick’s Law, K.I.S.S. States that simplicity is the key for a system to work in the best way.

When there is only one choice, H = ________ and the response time is equal to the intercept.

When there is only one choice, H = 0 and the response time is equal to the intercept. This is known as ___________

σ�The slower the operator tries to respond, the greater the number of errors.

Similarly, if there is a requirement for very high accuracy (e.g., airtraffic control), the response time will become slower

σ�The faster the operator tries to respond, the greater the number of errors. Similarly, if there is a requirement for very high accuracy (e.g., airtraffic control), the response time will become slower. This inverse relationship is known as _______

The use of multiple dimensions, in another form of redundancy, can also decrease response time in decision making; or, conversely, if there is conflicting information, response time will be slowed.  A classic example is the __________-

A good example of quantifying the amount of information processed in an industrial task was presented by ______ and ______ 1988.

Thus, as the number of alternatives in performing the task increased, so also increased the informational loading on the central processing unit of the human operator, and the corresponding time for task performance. Note that in this relatively real-world case of a complex task, the intercept may not always be a positive value corresponding to simple reaction time

Response execution depends primarily on

_______ is a simple extension of the Hick-Hyman law with respect to movement and also an example of a speed accuracy trade-off with respect to the size of the target and movement time.

______ was applied to the modeling of human movement by Fitts (1954) who developed the index of difficulty to predict movement time.

________ was defined as a function of the distance of movement and target size in a series of positioning movements to and from identical targets:

Movement time was found to follow the Hick-Hyman law, now termed _______-

σ�In a particularly successful application of Fitts’ law, _____, _______, ______1976) modeled human movement by different limbs across a wide range of distances, including very small targets visible only with the assistance of a microscope

Or more simply attention, refer to the amount of cognitive capacity devoted to a particular task or processing stage.

This amount could vary considerably from very routine, wellpracticed assembly tasks with low attentional demands to airtraffic controllers with very high attentional de

Furthermore, this cognitive capacity can be applied in a very directed manner, such as a spotlight on a particular part of the human information processing system, termed

It can be applied in a much more diffuse manner to various parts or even all the human information processing system, termed ________-

_____ can be improved by reducing the number of competing sources of information or demands on the human information processing system or separating these sources in as distinct a manner as possible

Performing various tasks simultaneously is also termed _______

Because our cognitive resources for attention are relatively limited, timesharing between several tasks will probably result in an increase in performance for one or more of these tasks as compared to a single task baseline

σ�An extension of multiple-resource modes of attention relates to the measurement of _________ or the demands placed on the human information processor.

_________ as defined in terms of an interaction between task requirements and human capabilities or resources.

The concept of ______________- has become increasingly important since modern semi-automated and computerized technologies may impose severe requirements on human mental or information-processing capabilities within both manufacturing and administrative tasks.

The ____ asserts that people have a limited set of resources available for mental processes

Measures may be time required to perform the task divided by total time available, or the number of items completed per unit time.

The problem with this approach is that some tasks are better timeshared than others.

Measures utilize the concept of a reserve capacity that, if not being directed to the performance of the primary task, will be used by a secondary task (choice reaction time), which can be controlled and more easily measured

The problem with this approach is that the secondary task typically seems artificial and intrusive, and it is difficult to identify how the operator prioritizes the performance of both tasks.

(e.g., heart rate variability, eye movement, pupil diameter, electroencephalograms) are thought to respond to the stress imposed by mental workload; although they typically don’t interfere with the primary task performance, the equipment needed to measure them may do so.

Are thought to aggregate all aspects of mental workload in a simple overall rating (or a weighted average of several scales). Unfortunately subjective reports don’t always accurately reflect true performance; also, motivation may strongly affect the ratings.

Are thought to aggregate all aspects of mental workload in a simple overall rating (or a weighted average of several scales). Unfortunately subjective reports don’t always accurately reflect true performance; also, motivation may strongly affect the ratings. (one of the MWL Criteria)

The measure should not be affected by things generally considered not to be part of mental workload, such as physical load or emotional stress. (one of the mwl criteria)

The measure should not interfere with, contaminate, or disrupt performance of the primary task whose workload is being assessed. ( one of the MWL Criteria)

The measure should be reliable; that is, the results should be repeatable over time (test-retest reliability) ( one of the MWL Citeria)

The measuring technique should be acceptable to the person being measured. ( one of the MWL Criteria)

is defined as the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time.

The basic approach is to try to maintain a high level of arousal or pressure, which then maintains performance, following the _________

To assist the industrial engineer in evaluating and redesigning cognitive tasks, the above details on the human information processing system have been summarized in the _____

Includes any printed text (even scrolling text on a computer screen), plots, charts, labels, or diagrams that are unchanging.

- is any information that is continually updated such as pressure, speed, temperature, or status lights.

€�presenting specific numerical values

Indicating general values or trends

Reflecting one of a limited number of condition

Indicating emergencies or unsafe conditions

€�using letters and numbers

€�using pictures, symbols, and color to code information

Using pulsed signals, varying in duration and intersignal interval

σ�Since there are five different senses (vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell), there could be five different ____________ for information to be perceived by the human operator.

______ or tactile stimulation is useful primarily in the design of controls.

_________ has been used in a very limited range of circumstances, primarily added to give medicine a “bad” taste and prevent children from accidentally swallowing it

__________- has been used in a very limited range of circumstances, primarily added to give medicine a “bad” taste and prevent children from accidentally swallowing it

________ if a direct comparison can be made of the two stimuli

________ if no direct comparison can be made

σ� As discussed previously, the capacity of working memory is limited to approximately _________items by Millers rule.

σ�When selecting a coding scheme, one must consider that with regards to relative judgment, it is apparent that there has to be some minimum difference between the two codes or stimuli before they can be distinguished as different.

This difference is termed the ______ and is found to vary depending on the level of the stimuli..

____ refers to the relationship of stimuli and responses that are consistent with human expectations, resulting in decreased errors and faster response time.

Refers to how meaningful the codes are to the individuals using them.

refers to the relationship between the movement of controls and displays.

refers to the physical arrangement of controls and displays.

Refers to using the same stimulus modality for both the signal and response.