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IOS Prep Quiz

With a synchronous bus:

The speed has to be chosen according to the slowest device on the bus

A logical protocol is needed between the source and destination units

A delay occurs when a transfer is completed before an integral number of clock cycles

With the "data break" DMA transfer method:

The transfer rate ensured is higher compared to the "cycle stealing" DMA transfer method

The CPU operations are suspended during the transfer

The bus is only used when the CPU does not need it

An I/O program executed by an I/O porcessor:

May contain several DMA transfers and the CPU is only interrupted at the end of each transfer

May not contain DMA transfers since these are executed by DMA controllers

May contain several DMA transfers and the CPU is only interrupted at the end of the I/O program

Asynchronous buses:

Are not asa advantageous as synchronous buses because they do not use a clock signal, and therefore synchronization is difficult to achieve

Are more advantageous than synchronous buses since bus cycles can have any duration

Are more advantageous than synchronous buses because they do not use a clock signal and therefore the number of wires needed is reduced

With isochronous transfers on the USB:

The transfer rate depends on other activities on the bus

Data are always delivered on time

Losses may occur in the data stream

With the I2C bus:

The device address and data direction are sent after the START condition

Duplex communication is not possible

No acknowledge bit is sent

Select the cases when using the SPI bus is more advantageous than using the I2C bus:

The system contains several slave devices

The data rate required is 5 megabits per second

The word size is 12 bits

USB version 3.0:

Replaces the existing differential channel of version 2.0 with two unidirectional channels

Adds a bidirectional channel to the existing differential channel of version 2.0

Adds two unidirectional channels to the existing differential channel of version 2.0

In the nematic phase of liquid crystals:

Molecules have their long axes oriented approximately in parallel

Molecules align in layers and in each layer they are twisted with respect to adjacent layers

Molecules align in layers and in each layer they are oriented in the same direction

LED backlighting:

Enables to maintain a uniform brightness in the long term

Enables to build thin displays

Reduces the power consumption compared to fluorescent lamp backlighting

With a passive matrix display:

There is a transistor connected to each row electrode or column electrode

There are no transistors connected to the row electrodes or column electrodes

There is a transistor connected to each pixel

In a Twisted Nematic (TN) liquid crystal display:

Two polarizing filters are used, with the polarizing directions perpendicular to each other

Molecules in the middle of the liquid crystal chains tend to align in parallel to an electric field applied between two electodes

The light is re-polarized by the twisting of liquid crystal molecules

The Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) feature of HDMI enables the user to control several devices with a single remote

By programming the remote with the brand information of connected devices

By automatically detecting the brand of each connected device

By using commands that are not manufacturer-specific

In the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) , each kernel:

Is executed on the CPU

Is executed on the GPU by one thread

Is executed on the GPU by N threads

The DisplayPort Interface:

Uses a packet-based protocol

Enables to connect multiple displays in a daisy-chain

In the optional dual-mode, enables to transfer HDMI signals through the DisplayPort cable without external adapters (dongles)

The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI):

Does not require a separate clock signal, because the synchronization information is embedded into the serial data stream

Enables to use cable with Type-C USB connector for connecting to display

Enables to use a cable that includes an Ethernet channel to share an Internet connection between two devices

The constant linear velocity (CLV) recording method used for several DVD formats:

Ensures a constant rotational speed

Reduces the power consumption compared to the constant angular velocity (CAV) method

Is advantageous for applications that require sequential access

Rewritable discs (CD-RW, DVD-RW) use for the recording layer:

An organic dye

A phase-change material

An anorganic dye

The higher capacity of DVDVs compared to compact discs has been achieved by:

Reducing the wavelength of the laser beam

Reducing the pit size

Reducing the numerical aperture of the objective lens

A bit of 0 is recorded on compact discs as:

A pit

No transition between a pit and a land

A land

A land-to-pit transition

A pit-to-land transition

Electronic paper displays have the following disadvantages:

They are not suitable for viewing video sequences and animations due to their low refresh rate

A permanent shadow image may be visible on the screen if an image is displayed for a long time

They are not suitable for outdoor displays since they are not wheatherproof

With the interferometric modulator technology used for electronic paper displays:

Light modulation is achieved with an optical cavity containing a membrane and a thin-film stack that act as micro-mirrors

Primary colors are generated by changing the voltage applied between a thin-film stack and an electrode of an optical cavity

Spatial dithering can be used to create additional shades of the primary colors

Currently, the most widely used color enhancement technology for liquid crystal display is:

QDEF (Quantum Dot Enhancement Film)

QDOG (Quantum Dot on Glass)

QDCC (Quantum Dot Color Conversion)

The color of light emitted by an quantum dot mostly depends on:

The size of the quantum dot

The structure of the quantum dot

The semiconductor material used for the quantum dot core

I/O processors:

Execute I/O programs that may also include DMA transfers

Only communicate with the main processor by sharing access to a common memory

Do not need intervention of the main processor to start executing an I/O program

The data-break DMA transfer method:

Transfers large blocks of data by interspersing DMA bus transactions with CPU bus transactions

Suspends the CPU operations during the transfer

Increases the transfer rate compared to the cycle-stealing DMA transfer method

Only uses the bus when the CPU does not need it

With the hardware polling technique for identifying the interrupt source:

The interrupt request signal is daisy-chained through the I/O modules

The CPU executes a general interrupt service routine when it detects an interrupt request

The speed is increased compared to the software polling technique

With daisy-chain priority interrupts:

Device priorities can be changed under software control

Each device that receives the interrupt acknowledge signal is able to block propagation of the signal to the next device

The priority of a device is given by its position in the daisy-chain of devices

With the I2C bus:

Each device has a unique address assigned to it

Each data transfer begins with a START bit and is followed by a STOP bit

Full duplex communication is not possible

With the SPI bus:

Advantages are achieved when there is a single slave device

Transfer rates are similar to those of the I2C bus

Data are transferred in both directions simultaneously

An acknowledge bit is sent after each data word

A PCI Express link:

Requires at least four wires

May contain any number of communication lanes

Consists of bidirectional channels

PCI Express interrupts:

In native mode, are signaled with memory write transactions

In legacy mode, are signaled by devices with the INTA# .. INTD# interrupt request signals

In legacy mode, use special messages that act as interrupt request signals

USB 3.2 doubles the transfer rate of USB 3.1 by:

Using a more efficient encoding compared to version 3.1

Operating on two lanes

Doubling the clock frequency

VXS (VMEbus Switched Serial) backplanes:

Can be used for various serial interconnects without changes

May use a mesh topology, with all payload boards connected without a switch board

May use a daisy-chain topology, with the switch board and payload boards connected in a chain

May use a dual star topology, which provides redundant connections

With the VME320 bus:

The data transfer protocol uses both edges of the clock signal for data transfer

A synchronous protocol is used at the source of data

All expansion modules are connected in series

With isochronous transfer on the USB:

Data are always delivered on time

Transmission errors are corrected by retransmission

The transfer rate depends on other activities on the bus

In a Twisted Nematic liquid crystal display:

The polarizing direction of the light is not changed, since the liquid crystals are transparent and the light that passes through them is not affected

Molecules in the middle of liquid crystal chains tend to align in parallel to an electric field applied between two electrodes

Molecules at the ends of liquid crystal chains are oriented perpendicular to each other

Passive-matrix displays:

Compared to active-matrix displays, have wider viewing angles

Compared to active-matrix displays, have slower response time

Do not require any transistor connected to the row electrodes or column electrodes

In the cholesteric phase of liquid crystals:

Molecules align in layers, and in each layer they are twisted respect to adjacent layers

Molecules align in layers, and in each layer they are oriented in the same direction

Molecules have an approximately parallel orientation erder

LED backlighting:

Enables to implement the "Full-Array Local Dimming" feature with its Edge-Lit White LED variant

Enables to build professional-grade displays with its RGB LED backlighting variant

Reduces power consumption compared to fluorescent lamp backlighting

Enables to maintain the uniformity of brightness in the long term

With OLED displays:

Power consumption is always lower than that of liquid crystal displays

Response time is faster than that of liquid crystal displays

Viewing angles are wide

Readability in outdoor conditions may be limited

The direct-emission OLED color generation technique:

Solves the color balance problem of other color generation techniques

Enables high luminous efficiency

Requires a complex manufacturing process

With phosphorescent OLEDs:

Light emission persists even after the incident radiation has been removed

Only singlet states contribute to light emission

Efficiency is lower than that of fluorescent OLEDs

Select the properties that are used to design color electrophoretic e-paper displays:

Pigment mobility in a electric field

Pigment separation

Pigment weight

Pigment aggregation

DVD+R discs:

Compared to DVD-R discs, improve the linking accuracy between consecutive writing sessions

Use a spiral groove with higher frequency of the sinusoid than that of DVD-R discs

Store addressing information by engraving pits in the area between the grooves

Use an error management system that is more robust than that of DVD-R discs

The constant linear velocity (CLV) recording method used for several DVD formats:

Ensures a constant rotational speed

Is advantageous for applications that require sequential access

Reduces the power consumption compared to the constant angular velocity (CAV) method

With rewriteable compact discs (CD-RW):

Erasing is performed by heating the recording layer until it turns to an amorphous state

Writing is performed with the highest laser power setting

An organic dye is used as recording layer

Which of the following method is used to record data bits on compact discs:

A bit of 1 is recorded as a land-to-pit transition, and a bit of 0 as a pit-to-land transition

A bit of 1 is recorded as a pit and a bit of 0 as a land

A bit of 1 is recorded as a pit-to-land or land-to-pit transition, and a bit of 0 as no transition

La discurile Blu-ray:

Se reduce grosimea stratului de acoperire pentru a compensa eroarea de focalizare a razei laser

Se reduce lungimea de unda a razei laser comparativ cu cea a discurilor DVD

Se reduce apertura numerica a lentilei obiectiv comparativ cu cea a discurilor DVD

Memoria GDDR6:

Utilizeaza semnale separate de ceas pentru comenzi si pentru adrese

Utilizeaza tehnica de antrenare a liniilor de date, care consta in alinierea fazei intre semnalele de date si semnalul lor de ceas pentru scriere

Utilizeaza tehnica de inversare a magistralei de comenzi/adrese pentru reducerea energiei consumate

Magistrala VME64x:

Utilizeaza protocolul 2eVME (Double-edge VME), la care transferurile de date au loc pe ambele fronturi ale semnalului de ceas

Poate utiliza module de extensie cu racire prin convectie, cu ghiduri speciale ale placilor care transfera caldura catre sasiu

Permite adaugarea si eliminarea modulelor de extensie fara oprirea sistemului

Fata de o magistrala paralela, o magistrala seriala:

Permite simplificarea sincronizarii atunci cand nu se transmite un semnal extern de ceas impreuna cu datele

Are viteze mai reduse, deoarece datele se transfera serial, bit cu bit

Prezinta interferente electrice reduse, deoarece necesita mai putine fire

La conectarea in serie a liniilor de intrerupere:

Prioritatea unui dispozitiv este data de pozitia sa in lantul de dispozitive

Prioritatea dispozitivelor se poate modifica prin program

Fiecare dispozitiv care receptioneaza semnalul de achitare a intreruperii poate bloca propagarea acestui semnal la urmatorul dispozitiv

Timpul de executie al UCP:

Permite masurarea performantelor globale ale sistemului de calcul

Include timpul necesar acceselor la memorie

Nu include timpul in care se executa operatii de I/E

La tehnologia Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment (MVA) a afisajelor cu cristale lichide:

Reproducerea culorilor este problematica in directia perpendiculara pe ecran

Uniformitatea luminozitatii este imbunatatita fata de tehnologia Vertical Alignment(VA)

Unghiurile de vizualizare sunt mai mari fata de cele ale tehnologiei Twisted Nematic( TN)

Constrastul este imbunatatit fata de tehnologia Vertical Alignment(VA)

FPGA Mezzanine Cards:

Contain one or more FPGA devices

Use connectors with signals that enable to implement both parallel and serial interfaces

Are connected to a carrier board implementing functions that are common to several variations of a system

The Quantum Dot Enhancement Film technology:

Eliminates the need for color filters

Uses blue backlight

Uses quantum dots to generate the red and green primary colors

BD-R and BD-RE discs:

For the sinusoidal deviations, use the Minimum-Shift Keying modulation, which inverts the phase of certain sinusoidal deviations

Use a groove that is modulated with sinusoidal deviations to embed timing information

Use a groove with sinusoidal deviations that are modulated using two methods for an increased reliability

Response time:

Includes the time for memory accesses

Does not include the operating system overhead

Includes the time for performing I/O activities

The Graphics DDR6 memory:

Uses the signal training technique, which consists of calibrating the drive strength of signals

Uses the data bus inversion technique to reduce power consumption

Uses separate write clock and read clock signals

The parallel PCI bus:

Uses a priority-based arbitration algorithm

Requires to use either a series or a parallel bus termination

Does not require extra clock cycles for the arbitration procedure

For liquid crystal displays, response time:

Decreases when the contrast is increased

Is faster for transitions from black to light grey levels compared to transitions from black to dark grey levels

Depends on the backlight intensity

Explain the advantages of using the CUDA platform for general-purpose computing over using a graphics API

Explain why the In-Plane Switching (IPS) liquid crystal display technology enables to increase viewing angles compared to the Twisted Nematic (TN) technology

Explain the diagram of decentralized bus arbitration that requires only three lines

Explain the timing diagram of a read operation on a synchronous bus

Explain the timing diagram of a destination-initiated transfer on a asynchronous bus through bidirectional protocol

Explain why increasing the clock frequency of a parallel bus is more difficult compared to a serial bus

Explain the reason why the Quantum Dot Enhancement Film technology improves the color quality of liquid crystal displays

Explain the diagram of centralized bus arbitration through daisy-chaining of devices

Explain the reason for avoiding very short and very long runs of zeros when modulating data bits before recording them on an optical disc

Compare the Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment (MVA) and Twisted Nematic (TN) liquid crystal display technologies based on three criteria

Explain the function of communication area between the CPU and the I/O processor in the block diagram of a computer with an I/O processor

Explain how various shades of the primary colors can be created by using the spatial dithering and temporal dithering techniques in an e-paper display with interferometric modulator technology

Explicati motivul pentru care discurile DVD+R permit inlantuirea sesiunilor multiple de scriere cu o precizie mai mare fata de discurile DVD-R

Explicati modul in care interfata Embadded DisplayPort poate reduce energia consumata prin facilitatea de auto-reimprospatare a panoului de afisare

La tehnica de interogare hardware pentru identificarea sursei de intrerupere

Linia cererii de intrerupere este inlantuita prin modulele de I/E

Viteza este crescuta comparativ cu tehnica de interogare software

UCP executa o subrutina generala de tratare a intreruperii atunci cand detecteaza o cerere de intrerupere

La arhitectura CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture)

Fiecare bloc de fire de executie are o memorie partajata care este accesibila tuturor firelor de executie din bloc, dar nu este accesibila niciunui alt bloc

Blocurile de fire de executie sunt planificate pentru executie in orice ordine pe orice numar de nuclee de procesare disponibile

Firele de executie dintr-o grila de blocuri au acces la o memorie globala

Sistemele CompactPCI:

Pot utiliza extensia Hot Swap, prin care nu sunt necesare modificari ale conectorilor existenti pentru a permite adaugarea si eliminarea modulelor in timpul functionarii

Utilizeaza magistrala PCI combinata cu module de extensie avand aceleasi formate ca si cele utilizate cu magistrala VME

Utilizeaza module de extensie paralele, dar interconexiuni seriale pe placa de baza

Formatul BD-ROM AV

Defineste modul HDMV, continand un plan al graficii de prezentare care permite afisarea meniurilor grafice

Utilizeaza un sir de transport care contine informatii video, audio si grafice multiplexate

Defineste modul BD Java, care permite dezvoltarea aplicatiilor interactive

O legatura PCI Express

Poate contine orice numar de benzi de comunicatie

Consta din canale bidirectionale

Necesita cel putin patru fire

La magistrala SPI

Datele sunt transferate in ambele directii simultan

Ratele de transfer sunt similare cu cele ale magistralei I2C

Se obtin avantaje atunci cand exista un singur dispozitiv "slave"

Se transmite un bit de confirmare dupa fiecare cuvant de date

La afisajele cu cristale lichide, tehnica "Full-Array Local Dimming" (FALD)

Poate determina dispersia luminii de la o zona la zonele adiacente

Poate fi implementata atunci cand se utilizeaza lumina de fond cu siruri de diode LED albe

Imbunatateste contrastul static si dinamic

Placile de baza VXS (VMEbus Switched Serial)

Se pot utiliza pentru diferite interconexiuni seriale, fara modificari

Pot utiliza o topologie stea dubla, care asigura conexiuni redundante

Pot utiliza o topologie plasa, cu toate palcile normale interconectate fara o placa comutatoare

Pot utiliza o topologie in lant, cu placa comutatoare si placile normale conectate intr-un lant

Comparativ cu arhitectura UCP, in arhitectura GPU:

Sincronizarea intre firele de executie paralele este mai simpla

Latenta fiecarui nucleu de procesare este mult mai mare decat latenta unui nucleu UCP

Dimensiunea memoriilor cache este mai redusa

Tehnologia Quantum Dot on OLED (QD-OLED)

Nu necesita filtre de culoare

Utilizeaza puncte cuantice foto-emisive

Utilizeaza emitatoare OLED pentru a genera lumina de fond

La discurile compact reinscriptibile (CD-RW)

Stergerea se executa prin incalzirea stratului de inregistarre peste punctul de cristalizare si racirea rapida a acestuia pentru a se mentine starea cristalina

Scrierea se executa cu laserul setat la puterea cea mai mare

Rescrierea se executa cu doua setari ale puterii laserului, pentru scriere si stergere

La magistrala VME320

Protocolul de comunicatie utilizeaza ambele fronturi ale semnalului de ceas pentru transferul datelor

Toate modulele de extensie sunt conectate in serie

Se utilizeaza un protocol sincron la sursa datelor

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