What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics ?

Entropy , life to itself, any organized system becomes more random as time passes

Energy is define as what ?

The capacity to create or maintain organization

Animals use chemical bond energy which is

Gylcolysis to ATP production which is the biological organization from atoms to organisms

Metabolic rate is

The rate of energy consumpotion or conversion, can use oxygen consumption for aerobic organisms or heat production 1:1 relationship

How is Basal Metabolic Rate measure ?

When the animal is in a comfortable thermal environment and has not eaten recently.

Scaling relationships are

Animal characteristics as functions of body size.

Example of scaling relationship 1?

BMR per gram decreases with animal size

Example of scaling relationship 2?

Small mammals need more food per gram than larger mammals do

What is Regulation

Occurs when the internal the internal environment stays constant as External Environment changes

"Regulators" are animals that can..

Maintain internal conditions such as temperature

Conformers such as frogs or fish, the internal environment will ALWAYS

Match the external environment

Homeostasis refers to the

Stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that maintain it

Homeotherms are the animals that

Maintain a constant internal body temp . Known as thermoregulation. Ex birds and mammals

What is the Thermoneutral zone?

It is a range of external temperatures in which metabolic rate is minimal and does not change with external temperature

Animals that permit their body temp to match their external temperature are called

Poikiolotherms or ectotherms

Poikilotherm emphasizes the variability of the temperature in these animals, and ectotherm does what?

Determines their body temperature

When external temperature rises, body temp of a poikilotherm rises

Exponentially

Q 10 is a measure temp sensitivity of a reaction or process due to an increased

10 degree C . q 10 = Rt/Rt-10

Honeybee hives show homeothermy, the worker bees keep the eggs and larvae at what degree?

32-36 C

Homeotherms 2 mechanisms to increase metabolic rate when external temps are low are

Shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis

Shivering is when the muscles do what

Contract and energy is converted from ATP to heat

Nonshivering thermogenesis is when the brown adipose tissue in some mammals

Is oxidative phopsphorylation is uncoupled from atp production; energy goes to heat production instead.

An epithlium is the sheet of epithial cells that do what?

Cover a bodys surface or ogan or lines body cavity.

What is a simple epithelium?

A single layer of cells on a nonliving basement membrane that lines all blood vessels, intestines, and other tubules.

What are the basic functions of a epithelium ? besides Pumps ions between fluids on either side of the epithelium, Secretes substances such as hormones, mucus, digestive enzymes, milk, sweat • Absorbs nutrients from the gut • Serves sensory functions, including smell and taste

It protects internal layers

The four essential elements include Controlled variable, Sensors, Effectors, and Control what ?

Control Mechanism

Controlled variable is the characteristic that is what?

Being controlled , ex body temp.

The Effectors are the tissues or organs that can do what ?

Change the level of the contorlled variable , ex shivering muscles.

Control mechanism uses the information from sensors to determine

Which effectors to activate to modify the controlled variable.

Body temperature has a control group that is near what part in the brain?

The Hypothalamus

Negative feedback system is the control mechanisms that activates effects to reduce or negate

Differences that exist between the controlled variable and the set point. It is a stabilizing influence and is involved with homeostasis

Positive feedback is the deviation of what?

A controlled variable from its existing level are increased or amplified. It destabilizes a system

Biological clocks are self contained , metabolic mechnisms of keeping what

Track of time

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