<div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Nutrition</strong></div>

Fat-soluble vitamins include

A, D, E, K

B1, B2, B3, B6

C, B12, folate, biotin

Niacin, pantothenic acid, choline, inositol

The plasma transport of retinol is facilitated by the protein complex

Transthyretin(TTR)-Retinol-binding protein (RBP)

Albumin

Hemoglobin

Fibrinogen

Excessive consumption of retinol during the periconceptional period may
increase the risk of ______ in neonates.

Bone fragility

Dental caries

Growth retardation

Birth malformations

The measurement of serum calcitriol is a reasonable assay to evaluate ______
status.

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Vitamin D deficiency in children can lead to

Rickets

Scurvy

Beriberi

Pellagra

Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant and is involved in the synthesis of

Collagen and neurotransmitters

Red blood cells and hemoglobin

Bone minerals and osteocalcin

Coenzymes and hormones

The most common laboratory procedure used to monitor warfarin therapy
and detect potential bleeding problems is

INR measurement

plasma phylloquinone measurement

Erythrocyte transketolase activity measurement

Plasma vitamin K measurement

Zinc is involved in ______.

Immune function

Carbohydrate metabolism

Blood clotting

Vitamin D synthesis

Selenium is a component of ______

Antioxidant enzymes

Hemoglobin

Collagen fibers

Neurotransmitters

Iodine is essential for the production of ______.

Thyroid hormones

Insulin

Red blood cells

Neurotransmitters

Chromium is involved in ______.

Insulin action

DNA replication

Collagen synthesis

Neurotransmitter synthesis

Cobalt is a component of ______.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Vitamin D

What is the definition of obesity?

A state of excessive height

A condition of excessive fatness

A state of being underweight

A condition of muscle weakness

What is considered super obesity according to BMI?

BMI equal to or greater than 30

BMI equal to or greater than 40

BMI equal to or greater than 50

BMI equal to or greater than 60

What are the risk factors for obesity?

Genetic predisposition, family history, and medication

High physical activity and healthy eating habits

Low-calorie intake and high metabolic rate

Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary choices

What are the metabolic changes associated with obesity?

Increased insulin resistance and decreased cholesterol levels

Increased lipolysis and decreased fat accumulation

Increased hypercholesterolemia and hyperinsulinemia

Increased energy expenditure and decreased carbohydrate metabolism

Which of the following risk factors make patients eligible for weight loss?

Normal body weight and no associated risk factors

Underweight with elevated fasting glucose levels

Overweight with two or more risk factors for CVD or diabetes

None of the above

What is the recommended weight loss strategy for long-term weight
maintenance?

Rapid weight loss followed by weight gain cycles

Gradual weight loss with a focus on skill development

Intermittent fasting and extreme calorie restriction

High-intensity exercise and low-calorie diet

What is the recommended initial weight loss goal within 6 months?

5% of initial weight

10% of initial weight

17% of initial weight

20% of initial weight

What is the recommended timeframe for weight maintenance before
considering further weight loss?

1 month

3 months

6 months

12 months

What is the role of pharmacotherapy in obesity treatment?

Substitute for lifestyle modifications

Primary treatment option for weight loss

Enhance the effectiveness of behavioral interventions

Increase appetite and food cravings

The most effective time for implementing Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)
in diabetes management is:

At initial diagnosis

During the disease process

After complications have developed

Before insulin therapy

The macronutrient distribution recommended for individuals with diabetes
is:

45-60% carbohydrates, 15-20% protein, 20-35% fat

20-35% carbohydrates, 45-60% protein, 15-20% fat

30-60% carbohydrates, 10-15% protein, 20-30% fat

15-20% carbohydrates, 45-60% protein, 20-35% fat

The minimum carbohydrate recommendation for individuals with diabetes
is:

50 g/day

100 g/day

130 g/day

200 g/day

What is the recommended goal of regular physical activity in individuals
with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome?

15 minutes/day

30 minutes/day

60 minutes/day

90 minutes/day

The sensitivity factor for regular insulin is calculated by dividing:

1500 by the total daily insulin dose

1800 by the total daily insulin dose

1500 by the premeal glucose level

1800 by the premeal glucose level

What is the recommended sensitivity factor for regular insulin if the total
daily insulin requirement is 60 units?

What is the estimated point drop in glucose for every 1 unit of rapid-acting
insulin (lispro, aspart, or glulisine)?

120 mg/dL

150 mg/dL

180 mg/dL

200 mg/dL

What is the recommended caloric intake for patients with a body mass
index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30?

50-60% of target energy requirements

65-70% of target energy requirements

75-80% of target energy requirements

80-85% of target energy requirements

What is the recommended daily fiber intake for individuals with diabetes?

Less than 10 grams

10-20 grams

20-30 grams

More than 40 grams

Which of the following artificial sweeteners is contraindicated with phenyl
ketonuria?

Aspartame

Saccharin

Sucralose

All of the above

Which of the following foods is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?

Avocado

Olive oil

Salmon

Cheese

Which trimester is the fetus most vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies?

First trimester

Second trimester

Third trimester

All trimesters equally

How does inadequate carbohydrate intake during pregnancy affect fetal
development?

It leads to ketonemia and ketonuria

It increases the risk of miscarriage

It causes gestational diabetes

It promotes healthy brain development

What is the recommended daily intake of fiber for pregnant women?

10-15 g

20-25 g

30-35 g

40-45 g

Which macronutrient has a greater effect on blood glucose levels during
pregnancy?

Fat

Protein

Carbohydrate

Fiber

What is the recommended target fasting blood glucose for pregnant women
with diabetes?

80 mg/dL or lower

95 mg/dL or lower

120 mg/dL or lower

140 mg/dL or lower

What is the average "cost" of lactation in terms of energy expenditure in first
6 months postpartum?

200 kcal/d

300 kcal/d

400 kcal/d

500 kcal/d

Which fatty acid plays an important role in fetal brain and central nervous
system development?

Linoleic acid

Stearic acid

Palmitic acid

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

What is the recommended daily fluid intake for pregnant women?

1 L/d

5 L/d

3 L/d

4 L/d

Which vitamin is important for preventing neural tube defects in the fetus?

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Folic acid

Which nutrient is important for bone development and prevention of
preeclampsia during pregnancy?

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for pregnant women?

500 mg

800 mg

1000 mg

1200 mg

Which nutrient is important for enhancing iron adsorption and connective
tissues in both the mother and fetus?

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Vitamin B12

Which nutrient is important in brain and nervous system development of the
fetus?

Vitamin C

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B7

Vitamin B3

Which nutrient is important for reducing nausea and vomiting?

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin B6

Which nutrient is important for the development of the fetal immune
system?

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Vitamin D

Which nutrient is important for the development of the fetal eyesight?

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B5

Enteral nutrition refers to the delivery of nutrients:

Through an IV catheter

By mouth or tube into the GI tract

Subcutaneously

Through the respiratory system

Which of the following is an indication for enteral nutrition?

Severe burn or trauma

Non-operative mechanical GI obstruction

Sever pancreatitis

All of the above

The most common method of enteral access is:

Subcutaneous injection

Intramuscular injection

Feeding tube placement

Intravenous infusion

Which of the following is a type of enteral feeding tube?

Nasogastric tube

Gastrostomy tube

Jejunostomy tube

All of the above

Which of the following is a contraindication for enteral nutrition?

Inability to gain access to the GI tract

Severe short-bowel syndrome

Severe GI malabsorption

All of the above

Parenteral nutrition is delivered through:

Feeding tube placement

Intravenous infusion

Subcutaneous injection

Oral administration

What is the goal of parenteral nutrition?

To provide calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients to patients

To maintain nutritional balance when oral or enteral routes are inadequate

To prevent malnutrition and promote wound healing

All of the above

Peripheral parenteral nutrition is typically used for:

Short-term therapy

Long-term therapy

Critically ill patients

Patients with severe malnutrition

Which of the following is a disadvantage of central parenteral nutrition?

Increased risk of venous injury or obstruction

Need for surgery to adjust the catheter

Increased cost

All of the above

What is the maximum rate of Ca gluconate administration in parenteral
nutrition?

No restriction

100 mg/kg/day

200 mg/kg/day

300 mg/kg/day

Which of the following is a contraindication for parenteral nutrition?

Functional GI tract or oral diet intake

Unavailability of venous access

Expected duration of PN less than 5 days

All of the above

The most common method of enteral nutrition administration is:

Bolus feeding

Continuous feeding

Intermittent feeding

Gravity feeding

Which of the following is a clinical sign that may indicate the need for
enteral nutrition?

Unintentional weight loss

Poor wound healing

Muscle wasting

All of the above

The primary purpose of nutritional diagnosis is to:

Identify the cause of malnutrition

Determine appropriate nutrition interventions

Assess the effectiveness of enteral nutrition

None of the above

Which of the following is a potential complication of parenteral nutrition?

Catheter-related bloodstream infection

Hyperglycemia

Re-feeding syndrome

All of the above

Which of the following is a potential complication of enteral nutrition
administration?

Aspiration pneumonia

Catheter-related bloodstream infection

Electrolyte imbalances

All of the above

Which of the following is a potential complication of enteral nutrition
administration?

Tube dislodgement

Catheter-related bloodstream infection

Metabolic acidosis

All of the above

Which of the following is a potential complication of enteral nutrition
administration?

Tube displacement

Hypoglycemia

Hypertension

None of the above

Vitamin B12 is primarily found in plant sources

True

False

Calcium and Copper have a role in blood clotting

True

False

Xerophthalmia can result due to deficiency of Vitamin A

True

False

The role of support groups in weight management is to provide emotional
support and accountability

True

False

Hyponatremia from hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state always needed to be
corrected.

True

False

Long-term high fat and high saturated fat diet are associated with insulin
resistance.

True

False

Carbohydrate-containing foods that are high in protein should be avoided
when correcting hypoglycemia.

True

False

Low maternal glucose can lead to macrosomia.

True

False

In pregnancy we increase protein 25g/d to maniataince while in lactation
50g/day.

True

False

Vit b12 used to decrease nausea & vomiting in pregnant

True

False

Nutrition

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