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Chap 1-3 Personality practice test

What is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of individual characteristics and the differences that exist between people in terms of personality makeup?

Behavioural psychology

Cognitive psychology

Developmental psychology

Personology

Personology provides a systematic analysis and structured explanation of human functioning that is positioned within psychological theory and research. True or False?

True

False

Why are there so many personality theories?

The complexity of humans and their behavior, Practical and ethical problems in research, Biological structure and chemical interactions, Physical environment, Social relationships, Psychological factors, perceptions and experiences, Spiritual beliefs and values/religious factors, Many pre-scientific convictions about what humans are and what assumptions about science is, Various personality theories are based on different assumptions concerning these matters

The researchers were trying to prove that personality is not important, They wanted to create controversy and spark debates, They were influenced by aliens from outer space, They were trying to create a new religion

There are not actually many personality theories, It is a conspiracy by psychologists to control people's minds, The theories are all the same but with different names, The researchers were trying to win a bet

There is only one correct personality theory, The researchers wanted to confuse people, They were bored and had nothing else to do, They wanted to make money by publishing books

Which of the following is NOT a question that personology aims to answer?

Why do others' emotional and behavioural responses differ to ours when faced with the same scenario?

What is the meaning of life?

Why do we think, feel, or act in the way that we do?

What makes a personality pathological or disordered, and why?

What are the four sources of information that our ability to judge human behaviour rests on?

Cultural tradition, psychological factors, physical environment, self-observation and awareness

Biological structure, physical environment, social relationships, psychological factors

Culture tradition, direct communication from others, observation of others behaviour, self-observation and awareness

Observation of others' behaviour, self-observation and awareness, spiritual beliefs and values, direct communication from others

What is the outcome of a purposeful, sustained effort to develop a logically consistent conceptual system for describing, explaining and/or predicting human behviour?

Personality theory

Developmental theory

Behavioural theory

Cognitive theory

What are some of the key concepts involved in personology?

Person, personality, character, temperament/nature, self

Personality, behaviour, cognition, emotion, motivation

Person, behaviour, cognition, emotion, motivation

Personality, character, temperament/nature, self

Which view of personality states that behaviour is influenced chiefly by the individual's personality?

Personism

Situationalism

Transactionalism

Interactionalism

According to Santrock (2003), how is personality defined?

The constantly changing, but nevertheless relatively stable organisation of all psychological and spiritual characteristics of the individual, which determine his or her behaviour in interaction within the context in which the individual finds himself or herself

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

The dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine the individual’s unique adjustment to their environment

Those characteristics of the person that account for consistent patterns of experience and action

What is the age-old debate that asks whether our personality and psychological development is a product of our unique genetic inheritance or our specific environmental influences?

Genetics versus environment

Innate versus learned

Nature versus nurture

Nature versus nurture versus environment

According to Charles Darwin, what abilities in humans are biologically based rather than purely products of learning?

Many abilities that develop in humans are biologically based rather than purely products of learning

No abilities that develop in humans are biologically based rather than purely products of learning

All abilities that develop in humans are biologically based rather than purely products of learning

Some abilities that develop in humans are biologically based rather than purely products of learning

According to Gabor Maté, what is the interaction between genetic and environmental effects in the real world?

Genetic effects are more important than environmental effects

Environmental effects are more important than genetic effects

Genetic and environmental effects are completely independent of each other

There is no nature versus nurture argument, only an infinitely complex and moment-by-moment interaction between genetic and environmental effects

According to John B Watson, what can he guarantee to do with a dozen healthy infants?

Train him to be any type of specialist based on his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors

Train him to be any type of specialist regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors

Train him to be any type of specialist regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and without considering the race of his ancestors

Train him to be any type of specialist based on his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and without considering the race of his ancestors

What causes personality and behavior according to genetics?

Education and learning

Upbringing and environmental influences

Innate qualities (physiological/biological characteristics)

Social interactions and relationships

What determines personality and behavior according to the environment?

Interactions with the environment

Education and learning

Innate qualities

Genetic inheritance

What is the term used to describe the interaction between genetics and environmental influences in shaping personality and behavior?

Nature-nurture-environment interaction

Nature-nurture interaction

Genetic-environment interaction

Innate-learned interaction

What type of studies involve comparing identical twins who have been raised in different environments?

Twin studies

Sibling studies

Adoption studies

Family studies

What can be assumed if intelligence is different between twins who have the same DNA but different environments?

The environment has no influence on intelligence

The DNA is not a factor in intelligence

There is no way to determine the cause of the difference in intelligence

There are subtle differences in environment that caused the difference in intelligence

According to Freud, what is the basis for all human behaviour?

Power

Sex

Knowledge

Love

Money

What is the term used by Freud to refer to the personality?

Ego

Superego

Psyche

Consciousness

What are the basic assumptions underlying Freud's theory?

Psychosocial harmony, biological & psychic determinism, and the mechanistic assumption

Psychosocial conflict, biological & psychic determinism, and the holistic assumption

Psychosocial conflict, biological & psychic freedom, and the mechanistic assumption

Psychosocial conflict, biological & psychic determinism, and the mechanistic assumption

How is the personality structured according to Freud?

The conscious, preconscious, and superego

The id, ego, and superego

The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

The ego, superego, and consciousness

The id, ego, and consciousness

What is the primary function of the id?

To evaluate a situation before taking action

To serve the id's needs by finding appropriate objects for real drive satisfaction

To represent the moral codes of society

To pressure an individual into abiding by social norms

To seek immediate and complete satisfaction of its sexual and aggressive drives

What is the primary function of the ego?

To seek immediate and complete satisfaction of its sexual and aggressive drives

To evaluate a situation before taking action

To pressure an individual into abiding by social norms

To find appropriate and suitable objects for real drive satisfaction

To represent the moral codes of society

What is the primary function of the superego?

To evaluate a situation before taking action

To pressure an individual into abiding by social norms

To seek immediate and complete satisfaction of its sexual and aggressive drives

To represent the moral codes of society

To find appropriate and suitable objects for real drive satisfaction

What is the term used by Freud to refer to the punishment of guilt by the superego?

Psyche

Ego

Conscious

Unconscious

What are the three types of anxiety according to Freud?

Existential anxiety, generalized anxiety, and specific phobia

Reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety

Panic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive anxiety, and post-traumatic anxiety

Fear anxiety, social anxiety, and performance anxiety

Separation anxiety, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety

According to Freud, which theory is usually considered to be the earliest, most fundamental personality theory in Psychology?

Trait theory

Psychoanalytic theory

Cognitive theory

Behavioural theory

Humanistic theory

According to Freud, how is the personality structured?

The conscious, preconscious, and superego

The ego, superego, and consciousness

The id, ego, and superego

The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

The id, ego, and consciousness

Which part of the personality is in direct contact with the body and seeks immediate satisfaction of its drives?

The id

The superego

The conscious

The preconscious

The ego

Which part of the personality evaluates a situation before taking action and takes physical and social reality into account?

The preconscious

The ego

The conscious

The superego

The id

Which part of the personality represents the behavioral and moral codes of society?

The ego

The superego

The conscious

The id

The preconscious

What is the term used by Freud to refer to the unconscious drives and memories that cause pain, anxiety, and guilt?

The superego

The preconscious

The conscious

The id

The unconscious

What are defense mechanisms?

Strategies that the ego implements to defend/protect itself against the conflict between the forbidden or repressed drives of the id and moral codes of the superego

Strategies that the ego uses to satisfy its desires

Strategies that the id and superego use to work together

Strategies that the id uses to satisfy its desires

Strategies that the superego uses to enforce moral codes

What is fixation?

The process of identifying with another person

The process of developing defense mechanisms

The process of progressing from one stage to the next

The process of resolving conflicts between the id and superego

Psychological development becomes partly stuck at a particular stage

A three-year-old child continues to suck their thumb and resists toilet training. What is this an example of?

Defence mechanism

Fixation

Identification

Parapraxis

Throwing a temper tantrum as an adult when you don't get your way is an example of?

Repression

Regression

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

What is regression?

Reverting back to an immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development

Redirecting feelings or actions from the intended source to a safer, substituted target.

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.

Unknowingly placinf an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.

Not remembering a traumatic event such as being sexually abused as a child is an example of ?

Repression

Regression

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

What is repression?

Reverting back to an immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development

Redirecting feelings or actions from the intended source to a safer, substituted target.

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.

Unknowingly placinf an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.

Taking your anger towards your boss out on family members by yelling at them in place of your boss is an example of?

Repression

Regression

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

What is displacement?

Reverting back to an immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development

Redirecting feelings or actions from the intended source to a safer, substituted target.

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.

Unknowingly placinf an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.

Someone taking their anger out in a boxing match is an example of ?

Repression

Regression

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

What is sublimation?

Reverting back to an immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development

Redirecting feelings or actions from the intended source to a safer, substituted target.

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.

Unknowingly placinf an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.

A person applauding when their competitor wins an award is an example of?

Repression

Reaction formation

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

What is reaction formation?

Overreacting in the opposite way to one's true feelings.

Redirecting feelings or actions from the intended source to a safer, substituted target.

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.

Unknowingly placinf an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.

Someone who is having an affair, accusing their partner of cheating is an example of?

Repression

Regression

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

What is projection?

Reverting back to an immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development

Redirecting feelings or actions from the intended source to a safer, substituted target.

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.

Unknowingly placinf an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.

"They were ugly anyways" said someone after being rejected. This displays the defense mechanism of?

Repression

Rationalization

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

What are parapraxes?

Errors in judgment or decision-making

Errors in perception or interpretation of reality

Errors in speech, memory, or physical action that occur due to the interference of unconscious repressed wishes, conflicts, or thoughts surfacing to conscious

Errors in social interactions

Errors in motor skills

What is an example of a parapraxis?

Forgetting the name of someone you actually know well

Making a wrong turn while driving

Misplacing your keys

Accidentally spilling a drink

Tripping and falling

What is Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development focused on?

The development of social skills

The development of physical abilities

The development of cognitive abilities

The development of the sex drive and how society and the child deal with the obstacles/problems that accompany it

The development of moral values

What are the pre-genital stages of psychosexual development?

Sexual development that occurs in old age

Sexual development that occurs in adulthood

Sexual development that does not involve the aspect of procreation

Sexual development that occurs during puberty

Sexual development that involves the aspect of procreation

What is the Oedipus complex?

A developmental stage where a boy identifies with his mother and his own gender role to cope with his sexual desires towards his father, and aggression, hatred, and jealousy towards his mother

A developmental stage where a girl identifies with her father and her own gender role to cope with her sexual desires towards her mother, and aggression, hatred, and jealousy towards her father

A developmental stage where a girl identifies with her mother and her own gender role to cope with her sexual desires towards her father, and aggression, hatred, and jealousy towards her mother

A developmental stage where a boy identifies with his father and his own gender role to cope with his sexual desires towards his mother, and aggression, hatred, and jealousy towards his father

A developmental stage where a child identifies with both parents and their own gender role

What is identification?

Person imitates the behavior of others to fit in with a group

Person forms a deep emotional connection with another person

Person symbolically represents themselves with another person because of an unconscious desire to be like the other person

Person rejects the influence of others and asserts their own individuality

Person becomes fixated on a particular stage of development

What is the first stage of Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development?

Anal stage

Phallic stage

Genital stage

Latent stage

Oral stage

What is the Electra complex?

A developmental stage where a girl develops a fear of castration

A developmental stage where a girl envies her lack of a male sexual organ (‘penis envy’), which eventually leads to the identification with the mother and her own gender role

A developmental stage where a girl rejects her mother and seeks a closer relationship with her father

A developmental stage where a girl develops a fear of abandonment

A developmental stage where a girl develops a fear of authority figures

What does Freud regard as ideal personality functioning?

A weak ego and a flexible superego

A weak id and a lenient superego

A strong id and a strict superego

Minimal focus on optimal development as Freud focused primarily on explaining and treating psychic disturbances

A strong ego and a rigid superego

How does Freud view pathological behavior?

Views abnormal behaviour as a result of external factors only

Views abnormal behaviour as a result of conscious decision-making

Views abnormal behaviour as a result of genetic factors only

Views abnormal behaviour as an extreme and exaggerated extension of normal behavior

Views abnormal behavior as completely unrelated to normal behaviour

What stage takes place in the 6 to 12th year of life according to Freud's psychosexual stages of personality?

Genital

Anal

Phallic

Latent

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