Health psych practice test 1 (Lecture 1-3)
What do health psychologists' study?
Health promotion and wellness.
New treatments for patients.
Meditation and optimistic beliefs that are recommended for anxiety and depression.
How not to get sick.
What is the definition of health according to health psychology?
Absence of illness or disease.
Being physically fit & free from any medical conditons.
In a complete state if physical, mental and social wellbeing and balance.
Having a positive mindset and optimistic beliefs.
The Biomedical Model is the belief that all illness can be explained based on atypical, biological bodily process and functioning.
True
False
What are the issues with the Biomedical Model?
Cannot address many puzzles that practitioners face
Reduces ALL illness to lower-level processes such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances.
Emphasizes illness over health rather than focusing on behaviours that promote health
Fails to recognise social and psychological processes as playing a role in how the body functions
What is the Biopsychosocial Model?
The biopsychosocial model only focuses on social factors for health and illness.
The biopsychosocial model only focuses on biological factors for health and illness.
The biopsychosocial model maintains that biological, psychological, and social factors are all important determinants for health and illness.
The biopsychosocial model only focuses on psychological factors for health and illness.
Psychosomatic medicine is the belief that specific diseases are caused by external diseases.
True
False
What is the focus of Health Psychology?
Understanding the psychological influences on how and why people stay healthy, become ill, and respond to sickness and disease
Evaluating the impact of health institutions on people's behaviour
Nvestigating the benefits of herbal remedies
Studying the effects of exercise on physical health
Which of the following is NOT true about Health Psychology?
Being 'skinny' makes you healthier than an overweight person
Health psychologists study the psychological aspects of illness prevention and treatment
Health psychologists evaluate and improve the healthcare system
Health psychologists develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness
What is the mind-body relationship according to the biomedical model?
The mind and body are distinct and seperate from each other
The mind has a greater influence on health than the body.
The body has a greater influence on health than the mind.
The mind and body work together to determine health and illness.
What is the psychosomatic medicine based on?
The idea that psychological conflicts have no impact on physical health
The idea that physical health is solely determined by genetics
The idea that specific illnesses are the result of internal conflicts and psychological tensions
The idea that all illnesses are purely biological in nature
What does the biopsychosocial model suggest?
That the mind and body work together to determine health and illness
That social factors are the primary determinants of health and illness
That physical health is solely determined by biological factors
That psychological factors have no impact on health and illness
What are the advantages of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model?
The biopsychosocial model only considers psychological factors as important determinants for health and illness.
The biopsychosocial model only considers biological factors as important determinants for health and illness.
The biopsychosocial model is more holistic and considers biological, psychological, and social factors as important determinants for health and illness.
The biopsychosocial model only considers social factors as important determinants for health and illness.
How is the biopsychosocial model useful in clinical practice?
The biopsychosocial model is not useful in clinical practice.
The biopsychosocial model is only useful in clinical practice for assessing psychological factors.
The biopsychosocial model is only useful in clinical practice for assessing biological factors.
The biopsychosocial model is useful in clinical practice as it allows for a more thorough assessment of a person's health or illness from a biological, psychological, and social viewpoint.
How can the biopsychosocial model benefit treatment recommendations?
The biopsychosocial model does not have any impact on treatment recommendations.
The biopsychosocial model only focuses on adjusting biological factors for treatment recommendations.
The biopsychosocial model only focuses on adjusting psychological factors for treatment recommendations.
The biopsychosocial model can benefit treatment recommendations by focusing on adjusting many areas of a person's life for them to live the healthiest life they possibly can.
What is the main focus of health behaviour?
Treating chronic diseases
Diagnosing preventable diseases
Incorporating certain behaviours into one's life
Promoting medical services
Which of the following is NOT a preventable disease?
Cancer
Influenza
Cardiovascular disease
Stroke
Decline in lifestyle-related death is a benifit of modifying health behaviours.
True
False
What is a health habit?
A health behaviour that is reinforced by negative outcomes
A health behaviour that develops in adulthood
A health behaviour that is firmly established and often performed automatically
A temporary health behaviour that is easily changed
What is primary prevention?
Promoting medical services for chronic diseases
Instilling good health habits and preventing the development of poor ones
Treating diseases after they have developed
Educating individuals about health risks
What factors can influence health habits?
Demographic factors, age, values, personal control, social influence, personal goals, perceived symptoms, access to healthcare, knowledge and intelligence
Threatening messages, cognitive factors, lifestyle advice
Emotional factors, instability of health behaviours, peer pressure
Attitude change, educational appeals, social norms
What serves as obstacles to changing poor health behaviours?
Emotional factors, instability of health behaviours
Attitude change, social influence
Perceived symptoms, access to healthcare
Knowledge and intelligence, personal goals
According to the Health Belief Model, what are the two factors that determine whether a person practices a health behaviour?
Autonomous motivation and perceived competence
Fear appeals and specific action recommendations
Attitudes towards the specific action and subjective norms
Perceived health threat and perceived threat reduction
Which theory believes that a health behaviour is the direct result of a behavioural intention?
The Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change
The Health Belief Model
Self-Determination Theory
The Theory of Planned Behaviour
What are the two components of Self-Determination Theory that guide behavior change?
Autonomous motivation and perceived competence
Perceived health threat and perceived threat reduction
Fear appeals and specific action recommendations
Attitudes towards the specific action and subjective norms
Which model emphasizes that changing a bad health habit occurs in stages?
The Theory of Planned Behaviour
Self-Determination Theory
The Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change
The Health Belief Model
In the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change, what is the first stage of change?
Action
Preparation
Contemplation
Precontemplation
What is the second stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change?
Preparation
Contemplation
Precontemplation
Action
Which stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change involves intending to change behavior but not yet doing so successfully?
Precontemplation
Preparation
Action
Contemplation
What is the fourth stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change?
Action
Preparation
Contemplation
Precontemplation
Which stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change involves working to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains made?
Maintenance
Precontemplation
Preparation
Contemplation
According to the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change, what is the final stage of change?
Maintenance
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Action
What are the benefits of exercise?
Increases the risk of chronic illnesses
Causes chronic illnesses
Decreases the risk of chronic illnesses
Has no effect on chronic illnesses
How does exercise improve psychological health?
Worsens mood and general wellbeing
Causes mood disorders
Improves mood and general wellbeing
Has no effect on mood and general wellbeing
What are the determinants of regular exercise?
Lack of motivation, discipline, and self-control
Abundance of motivation, discipline, and self-control
Lack of time, stress, and fatigue
Abundance of time, no stress, and no fatigue
What factors contribute to the success of exercise interventions?
Having no effect on beliefs in personal efficacy
Ignoring beliefs in personal efficacy
Decreasing beliefs in personal efficacy
Enhancing beliefs in personal efficacy
What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
Having a family history of breast cancer
Being overweight, inactive, consuming alcohol, poor dietary habits, smoking, exposure to chemicals
Having no risk factors for breast cancer
Being underweight, active, not consuming alcohol, healthy dietary habits, not smoking, no exposure to chemicals
How can the risk of breast cancer be reduced?
Avoiding self breast examinations, avoiding clinical breast examinations, avoiding mammograms
Regular self breast examinations, annual clinical breast examinations, mammograms
Regular self breast examinations only
Annual clinical breast examinations only
Why is compliance with mammography recommendations low?
Fear of radiation only
Embarrassment over the procedure only
Fear of radiation, embarrassment over the procedure, anticipated pain, fear and anxiety of being diagnosed with cancer, concerns over costs of scans and treatments, lack of awareness of importance of mammograms, lack of time, lack of available services
No fear of radiation, no embarrassment over the procedure, no anticipated pain, no fear and anxiety of being diagnosed with cancer, no concerns over costs of scans and treatments, full awareness of importance of mammograms, abundance of time, abundance of available services
What are the sun safety practices to reduce the risk of skin cancer?
Staying out of sun between 3pm and 10am, using sunbeds, applying sunscreen every hour when outside, wearing no protective clothing
Staying out of sun between 10am and 3pm, avoiding the use of sunbeds, applying sunscreen every two hours when outside, wearing protective clothing such as hats and sunglasses
Staying in the sun between 10am and 3pm, using sunbeds, not applying sunscreen when outside, not wearing protective clothing such as hats and sunglasses
Staying out of sun all day, never using sunbeds, never applying sunscreen, not wearing any protective clothing
Why is education alone not entirely successful in promoting safe sun practices?
Many people are aware of the long-term consequences and dangers of tanning, sunscreen is affordable, many people use sunscreens with an adequate sun protection factor (SPF), and few people apply sunscreen often enough during outdoor activities
Everyone is aware of the long-term consequences and dangers of tanning, sunscreen is expensive, everyone uses sunscreens with an inadequate sun protection factor (SPF), and everyone applies sunscreen often enough during outdoor activities
Many people are oblivious to the long-term consequences and dangers of tanning, sunscreen is expensive, many people use sunscreens with an inadequate sun protection factor (SPF), and few people apply sunscreen often enough during outdoor activities
Everyone is aware of the long-term consequences and dangers of tanning, sunscreen is affordable, everyone uses sunscreens with an adequate sun protection factor (SPF), and everyone applies sunscreen often enough during outdoor activities
Why is it difficult to get people to modify their diet?
The motivation for dietary change is usually linked to improved health and not appearance, diets may be restrictive, monotonous, expensive, and laborious to implement
The motivation for dietary change is usually linked to improved appearance and not increased health, diets may be restrictive, monotonous, expensive, and laborious to implement
The motivation for dietary change is usually linked to improved health and not appearance, diets are not restrictive, monotonous, expensive, or laborious to implement
The motivation for dietary change is usually linked to improved appearance and increased health, diets are not restrictive, monotonous, expensive, or laborious to implement
How can changing one's diet improve overall health and wellness?
Decreased fiber intake, decreased whole foods and increase in processed and refined foods, inconsistent unhealthy diet
No change in fiber intake, no change in whole foods and processed and refined foods, inconsistent diet
Decreased fiber intake, increased whole foods and decrease in processed and refined foods, inconsistent healthy diet
Increased fiber intake, increased whole foods and decrease in processed and refined foods, consistent healthy diet
What effect does stress have on diet?
People eat more fruits and vegetables and have a balanced diet
People eat more fatty and sugary foods, fewer fruits and vegetables, and are more likely to snack and skip breakfast
People eat more protein and carbohydrates and have a balanced diet
People eat less fatty and sugary foods and have a healthier diet
What factors contribute to developing a healthy diet?
Lack of perception of health benefits and lack of access to good dietary resources
Lack of conscientiousness, lack of intelligence, and lack of self-efficacy
Conscientiousness, intelligence, self-control, self-efficacy, knowledge about dietary issues, family support, and perception of health benefits
Lack of self-control, lack of knowledge about dietary issues, and lack of family support
What are some interventions to modify diet?
Meditation and mindfulness practices
Exercise and physical activity
Education and training in self-monitoring, stimulus control, contingency contract, and relapse prevention techniques
Prescription medication, surgery, and dietary supplements
What are the potential problems associated with chronic sleep deprivation?
Improved cognitive functioning, better mood, and increased job performance
High blood pressure, diabetes, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, obesity, increased symptoms of depression and anxiety, reduced immune system function, lower sex drive, and early aging
Reduced risk of chronic diseases and improved overall health
Weight loss, improved immune system function, and increased energy levels
What are some behavioural interventions for the treatment of insomnia or chronic sleep deprivation?
Exercise and physical activity
Meditation and mindfulness practices
Mindfulness-based interventions, relaxation therapy, control of sleep-related behaviours, and cognitive-behavioural interventions
Prescription medication, herbal remedies, and sleep aids
What are the benefits of participating in restorative activities?
No significant impact on health and well-being
Increased stress levels and negative impact on health
Higher risk of chronic diseases and reduced cognitive functioning
Lower blood pressure, lower cortisol levels, lower body weight, and better physical and cognitive functioning
What is the importance of sleep?
Sleep is only necessary for physical rest
Sleep is an important restorative activity that affects cognitive functioning, mood, job performance, and quality of life
Sleep has no impact on health and well-being
Sleep is a waste of time and can be avoided
What are the potential problems associated with elevated stress levels?
Improved diet and increased resilience
Negative effect on diet, increased risk of chronic diseases, and compromised immune system function
No significant impact on health and well-being
Decreased risk of chronic diseases and improved immune system function
What are the factors that contribute to a healthy diet?
Lack of access to good dietary resources, lack of conscientiousness, lack of intelligence, and lack of self-control
Lack of self-efficacy, lack of knowledge about dietary issues, and lack of family support
Lack of perception of health benefits and lack of access to good dietary resources
Access to good dietary resources, conscientiousness, intelligence, self-control, self-efficacy, knowledge about dietary issues, family support, and perception of health benefits
What are some interventions to improve diet?
Following fad diets and taking dietary supplements
Exercising excessively and restricting food intake
Ignoring diet and relying on genetics
Working with healthcare professionals to develop an appropriate and sustainable diet plan, education and training in self-monitoring, stimulus control, contingency contract, and relapse prevention techniques
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