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Lecture 8-10 Trauma

What is the definition of secondary traumatisation?

Direct exposure to traumatic events

Experiencing trauma as a result of a common social context

Experiencing trauma as a result of helping or wanting to help a traumatised person

Indirect exposure to traumatic events where another person was the direct victim

Experiencing symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, and arousal

Who is at risk of experiencing secondary traumatisation?

People who have a personal history of trauma

People who have experienced prolonged secondary exposure

People with high levels of social support and positive coping strategies

People who have a close relationship with the traumatised person and those assisting the victim

People who have worked through their own traumatic events

What are the effects of secondary traumatic stress?

Lower social intimacy and impact on professional functioning

Intrusion, avoidance, and arousal

Physical, cognitive, moody and emotional, behavioural, spiritual, interpersonal, impact on professional functioning, impact on therapeutic relationship, own personal experience

Impact on therapeutic relationship and own personal experience

Lower relationship satisfaction and social intimacy

What factors can influence the development of secondary traumatic stress?

Working through one's own traumatic events

Coping styles, level of social support, caseloads, and professional experience

High levels of social support and positive coping strategies

Naivety and lack of coping strategies

Personal history of trauma and prolonged secondary exposure

What is vicarious trauma?

Experiencing trauma as a result of direct exposure to traumatic events

Experiencing trauma as a result of a common social context

Experiencing trauma as a result of indirect exposure to traumatic events

Experiencing symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, and arousal

Experiencing trauma as a result of helping or wanting to help a traumatised person

How can vicarious trauma impact the helping relationship?

It can impact professional functioning

It can lead to lower relationship satisfaction

It can lead to lower social intimacy

It can disrupt cognitive schemas and memory systems in counsellors

It can impact the therapeutic relationship

What is the concept of 'flourishing' in relation to compassion satisfaction?

A positive outcome of compassion satisfaction

A positive outcome of burnout

A positive outcome of compassion fatigue

A positive outcome of secondary traumatic stress

A positive outcome of vicarious trauma

What are some strategies that can ameliorate the effects of indirect trauma?

Self-care practices, seeking support from colleagues and supervisors, engaging in regular supervision and debriefing

Increasing workload, ignoring personal needs, avoiding seeking help

Avoiding exposure to trauma, distracting oneself from distressing thoughts, isolating oneself from others

Denying the impact of trauma, blaming oneself for the negative effects, avoiding seeking professional help

Engaging in risky behaviors, self-medicating, withdrawing from social interactions

What is the difference between secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma?

Secondary traumatic stress refers to the stress experienced by helpers of trauma victims, while vicarious trauma refers to the trauma experienced by helpers through indirect exposure

Secondary traumatic stress refers to the trauma experienced by helpers through indirect exposure, while vicarious trauma refers to the stress experienced by helpers of trauma victims

Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma are the same thing

Secondary traumatic stress refers to the stress experienced by helpers through indirect exposure, while vicarious trauma refers to the trauma experienced by helpers through direct exposure

Secondary traumatic stress refers to the trauma experienced by helpers through direct exposure, while vicarious trauma refers to the stress experienced by helpers of trauma victims

How can vicarious trauma impact the helping relationship?

It can impact the therapeutic relationship

It can impact professional functioning

It can disrupt cognitive schemas and memory systems in counsellors

It can lead to lower relationship satisfaction

It can lead to lower social intimacy

What are some strategies that can ameliorate the effects of indirect trauma?

Working through one's own traumatic events

Provide self-care, seek support from colleagues, engage in regular supervision, practice mindfulness and relaxation techniques

Developing positive coping strategies

Avoiding any stimuli associated with the traumatic event

Having a high level of social support

What is the definition of secondary traumatisation?

Indirect exposure to traumatic events where another person was the direct victim

Experiencing trauma as a result of helping a traumatised person

Experiencing trauma as a result of knowing about a traumatising event

Direct exposure to traumatic events

Experiencing trauma as a result of wanting to help a traumatised person

Who would be considered as experiencing secondary traumatisation?

Only those who have a close relationship with the traumatised person

Only friends and colleagues

Only medical and mental health practitioners

Those who have a close relationship with the traumatised person and those assisting the victim

Only those assisting the victim

What is the term used to describe the natural and consequent behaviours and emotions resulting from knowing about a traumatising event experienced by a significant other?

Burnout

Vicarious trauma

Shared trauma

Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS)

Compassion fatigue

What are the three main symptoms of secondary trauma?

Depression, anxiety, anger

Numbness, detachment, guilt

Hyperarousal, hypervigilance, startle response

Intrusion, avoidance, arousal

Flashbacks, nightmares, irritability

What is primary traumatisation?

Avoiding any stimuli associated with a traumatic event

Indirect exposure to a traumatic event

Experiencing trauma in a work environment

Experiencing trauma through someone else

Direct exposure to a traumatic event

What is secondary traumatisation?

Experiencing trauma through someone else

Avoiding any stimuli associated with a traumatic event

Experiencing trauma in a work environment

Indirect exposure to a traumatic event

Direct exposure to a traumatic event

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS)?

The identification with others through a common social context

The increase in anxiety that was not present before the exposure to the event

The avoidance of any stimuli associated with a traumatic event

The natural and consequent behaviors and emotions resulting from knowing about a traumatising event experienced from a significant other

The direct exposure to a traumatic event

Who can experience Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS)?

Only police officers who deal with traumatic events

Only family members of trauma victims

Only counsellors who work with PTSD victims

Family members, colleagues, emergency workers, medical practitioners, police, counsellors

Only medical practitioners who work with trauma patients

What are the symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS)?

Intrusion, avoidance, arousal

Confusion, disorientation, memory loss

Anger, irritability, aggression

Depression, anxiety, stress

Fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite

Who is at a higher risk of developing Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS)?

Counsellors who have a high level of social support

Counsellors who have worked through their own traumatic events

Counsellors who have a small caseload and limited professional experience

Counsellors who have a personal history of trauma or have experienced prolonged secondary exposure

Counsellors who have never experienced trauma themselves

What is compassion fatigue?

The exposure to traumatic situations

Fatigue or exhaustion of compassion

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another

The stress caused by compassion

A feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken by misfortune

According to Figley's 10-component model, which of the following is NOT a component of compassion fatigue?

Empathic concern

Sense of achievement

Compassion stress

Exposure to the client

Empathic ability

When children are exposed to traumatic situations, what emotions may be triggered for the counsellor?

Happiness and joy

Cruelty and injustice of the world

Empathy and compassion

Excitement and enthusiasm

Peace and tranquility

What are the effects of compassion fatigue?

Enhanced work performance

Symptoms present in various areas

Improved cognitive abilities

Greater spiritual connection

Increased empathy and compassion

What is the difference between compassion fatigue and burnout?

Compassion fatigue is a slower and gradual process

Burnout is more sudden in onset

Burnout is a slower and gradual process

Compassion fatigue is more sudden in onset

There is no difference between compassion fatigue and burnout

What are the three dimensions of burnout suggested by Maslach?

Empathy, Compassion, Achievement

Stress, Anxiety, Depression

Emotional exhaustion, De-personalization or emotional hardening, Sense of inefficiency

Hope, Resilience, Optimism

Motivation, Satisfaction, Productivity

What are the specific criteria associated with burnout according to Figley?

Begins suddenly and improves over time, Intense exposure to job satisfaction, with reduction in idealism and a lowered sense of achievement, Limited contact with clients

There are no specific criteria associated with burnout according to Figley

Begins gradually and progressively worsens, Gradual exposure to job strain, with reduction in idealism and a lowered sense of achievement, Accumulation of intensive contact with clients

Begins suddenly and improves over time, Intense exposure to job strain, with increased idealism and a heightened sense of achievement, Limited contact with clients

Begins gradually and progressively worsens, Gradual exposure to job satisfaction, with increased idealism and a heightened sense of achievement, Accumulation of limited contact with clients

What is compassion satisfaction?

The exposure to traumatic situations

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another

A feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken by misfortune

The stress caused by compassion

Counsellors' feelings of fulfillment in working with clients

What is vicarious trauma?

A feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken by misfortune

The exposure to traumatic situations

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another

The stress caused by compassion

The transformation that occurs within the counsellor as a result of empathic engagement with clients' trauma material

What are the occupations vulnerable to the effects of indirect trauma?

Farmers, Construction workers, Truck drivers, Plumbers, Electricians, Mechanics

Students, Stay-at-home parents, Retirees, Volunteers, Tourists

Teachers, Artists, Athletes, Chefs, Musicians, Scientists, Engineers

Politicians, Business executives, Accountants, Bankers, Salespeople, Marketers

Mental health professionals, Emergency services, Disaster management personnel, Rescue teams, Call takers at emergency centres, Lawyers, doctors, nurses etc., Short-term insurance industry, Journalists

When children are exposed to traumatic situations, what may trigger many emotions for the counsellor?

The fear of working with children

The cruelty and injustice of the world

The lack of support from colleagues

The pressure to find a solution

The complexity of the trauma

What are the symptoms of compassion fatigue?

Cognitive signs, emotional reactions, behavioral symptoms, spiritual area, somatic symptoms, social behaviors, work performance

Depression, anxiety, irritability

Isolation, withdrawal from social activities, loss of interest

Physical pain, loss of appetite, insomnia

Forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating, confusion

What is the difference between compassion fatigue and burnout?

Burnout is characterized by emotional exhaustion while compassion fatigue is characterized by depersonalization

Compassion fatigue is a type of burnout

Burnout is caused by chronic stressors while compassion fatigue is caused by traumatic events

Burnout affects only healthcare professionals while compassion fatigue affects all professions

Compassion fatigue is more sudden in onset while burnout is generally a slower and gradual process

What are the specific criteria associated with burnout?

Sudden onset and rapid improvement, exposure to high levels of stress without any reduction, avoidance of contact with clients

Begins gradually and progressively worsens, gradual exposure to job strain with reduction in idealism and a lowered sense of achievement, accumulation of intensive contact with clients

Sudden onset and rapid improvement, exposure to low levels of stress without any reduction, avoidance of contact with clients

Begins gradually and progressively worsens, exposure to high levels of stress without any reduction, excessive contact with clients

Begins suddenly and improves gradually, exposure to low levels of stress without any reduction, excessive contact with clients

What is countertransference?

The client's resistance to therapy

The client's transference of emotions onto the therapist

The therapist's use of therapeutic techniques and interventions

The therapist's own unresolved past or current issues that affect the therapeutic process

What is shared trauma?

The trauma experienced by family members of the client

The trauma experienced by multiple clients in a group therapy setting

The trauma experienced by the community as a whole

The trauma experienced by the counselor's colleagues

The profound effects that occur when clinicians experience the same traumatic event as their clients

How can professionals in trauma counseling look after themselves?

Take frequent breaks from work, engage in unrelated hobbies and activities, disconnect from clients' trauma

Rely on medication and substances to cope with stress, isolate oneself from others, deny the impact of trauma on personal well-being

Work longer hours, take on more clients, prioritize work over personal life

Maintain and nurture personal selves, use professional self-care strategies, ensure ongoing sustenance and balance in various dimensions of self and 'helper-self', participate in workplace processes such as supervision, case consultation, debriefing, and training

Focus solely on helping others, ignore personal needs and emotions, avoid seeking support from colleagues

What are common symptoms of PTSD?

Feelings of happiness and contentment

Feelings of sadness and loneliness

Feelings of anxiety, anguishing thoughts and memories, insomnia, and hyper-alertness

Feelings of boredom and apathy

Feelings of anger and aggression

How is PTSD diagnosed?

Through a blood test

Through a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's symptoms, history, and response to a traumatic event

Through a personality test

Through a physical examination

Through a brain scan

What is Criterion A for diagnosing PTSD?

The individual was indirectly exposed to aversive details of a trauma

The individual experienced a minor inconvenience

The individual learned about a traumatic event from a stranger

The individual was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence

The individual witnessed a happy event

What is Criterion B for diagnosing PTSD?

The traumatic experience is continuously re-experienced through intrusive thoughts, nightmares, flashbacks, emotional distress, and physical reactivity

The traumatic experience is experienced as a positive memory

The traumatic experience is only re-experienced through physical symptoms

The traumatic experience is remembered vividly

The traumatic experience is forgotten completely

What is Criterion C for diagnosing PTSD?

Seeking out trauma-related stimuli

Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli through trauma-related thoughts or feelings and trauma-related reminders

Being indifferent to trauma-related stimuli

Being unaware of trauma-related stimuli

Ignoring trauma-related stimuli

What is Criterion D for diagnosing PTSD?

Negative thoughts or feelings that began or deteriorated after the trauma, such as inability to recall key features of the trauma, overly negative thoughts and assumptions, exaggerated blame, negative affect, decreased interest in activities, feeling isolated, and difficulty experiencing positive affect

Inability to recall any thoughts or feelings after the trauma

Positive thoughts or feelings that began or deteriorated after the trauma

Neutral thoughts or feelings that began or deteriorated after the trauma

Lack of thoughts or feelings that began or deteriorated after the trauma

What is Criterion E for diagnosing PTSD?

Trauma-related forgetfulness and confusion that began or worsened after the trauma

Trauma-related happiness and contentment that began or worsened after the trauma

Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma, such as irritability or aggression, risky or destructive behavior, hypervigilance, heightened startle reaction, difficulty concentrating, and difficulty sleeping

Trauma-related indifference and apathy that began or worsened after the trauma

Trauma-related calmness and relaxation that began or worsened after the trauma

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