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Dental_research_Vorn_Vutha(51-100)

51.  If the average of a series of values is 10 and their variance is 4, then the coefficient of variation (= the ratio standard deviation / average) is?
40%
20%
80%
10%
90%
52.  The median of a series of numerical values is?
Equal to the average
A graph or hart
A number
A frequency table
A distribution table
53.  The median of a series of numerical values is?
A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower
The value located exactly midway between the minimum and maximum of the series
The most commonly encountered values among the series
A measure of the eccentricity of the series
A measure of central tendency
54.  Relative risk?
Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease
Is the ratio of the risk of disease for those exposed and those not exposed to that risk factor
Cannot be greater than 1
Is expressed as a percentage
Is proportion
55.  If on a group of 457 patients, for a risk factor we calculated a Relative Risk RR= 12.74, the possibility of developing the disease being investigated is?
very high when exposed to the factor
Very small when exposed to the factor
The same in the case of exposure in the case of non-exposure
Lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, RR being less than 100
Equal in the exposed
56.  The result of a statistical test, denoted p, shall be interpreted as follows?
the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05
The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p> 0.05
The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected if p> 0.05
The null hypothesis H0 is accepted if p <0.05
None of the above answers is correct.
57.  If, after performing a Student test for comparison of means, we obtain p = 0.0256, then?
We reject H0 and accept H1
We accept H0
We reject H1
We cannot decide
We can decide
58.  Which of the following are goals of vaccination?
Prevent infection
Prevent disease
Prevent transmission
All are correct
59.  A “benefit” of research may accrue?
To the participant
To his/her family
To society
All are correct
60.  The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is?
Beneficence
Justice
A methodologically sound study design
Informed consent
61.  Surveillance data must be?
Rapidly collected
Use simple case definitions
Provide very precise estimates
All are correct
Rapidly collected and Use simple case definitions
62.  The requirements for an effective surveillance system include?
A diagnostic algorithm
Staff members
A sampling frame
All are correct
63.  A good surveillance system should provide information about?
Who is being infected
Where the infected individuals are
How rapidly infection is spreading
All are correct
64.  Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs?
Cohort
Serial cross-sectional
Mortality
Syndromic
65.  Results of surveillance should be distributed to?
Decision makers
The public
The data collectors
All are correct
66.  The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is?
Change in behavior
Comprehensive coverage
Effective use of behavioral theory
Sustained behavior change
Change in belief
67.  The stages of a malignant (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is:
Alphanumeric
Numerical
Ordinal
Nominal
68.  The fundamental statistical indicators are:
Mode and Median
Variance
Mean and standard deviation
Range
69.  The average of series of numerical values is:
The Sum of the values divided by their number
Lower than the minimum value in the series
Lower than the average value in the series
An indicator of measurement of the values of the series
70.  Standard deviation:
Is measured using the unit of sample
Is measured using the squared unit of the variable
Is values generally comparable with mode value
Is the square root of variance
71.  The median of a series of numerical values is:
Equal to the average
A number
A graph or chart
A frequency table
72.  The median of a series of numerical values is:
A measure of centricity
Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower
The most commonly encountered values among the series
The value located exactly between minimum and maximum of series
73.  The result of a statistical test, denoted p , shall be interpreted as follows:
The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p > 0.05
The null hypothesis H0is accepted if p < 0.05
The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected p > 0.05
The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05
74.  If, after performing a student test for comparison of means, we obtain p=0.0250, then:
We reject Ho and accept H1
We accept H0
We reject H1
We cannot decide
75.  A study was Conducted in Cambodia to find out the proportion of blacks and white Cambodian in Cambodia. This variable chosen is:
Nominal
Ordinal
Continuous
Discreet numerical
Dichotomous
76.  The median of the following data, is: 1,2,4,6,8,10,11,13:
6
8
7
10
9
77.  A household survey of two families was conducted by students of 4th year DDs. In her collected data, the ages of heads of families were: 32,34,35,36,36,42,44,46,48 and 52. The mean age of heads of families is:
36
38.5
40
40.5
42
78.  For a survey, a village is divided into 5 lanes, each lane is sampled randomly. It is an example of:
Simple random Sampling
Standard random Sampling
Systematic random Sampling
Cluster random Sampling
Quasi random sampling
79.  Tools of measurement in Epidemiology are:
Rates and Ratios
Rates, Ratios and proportions
Rates and proportions
Ratios and proportion
80.  If there had been 3,000 new cases of dental caries in population of 30,000 in a year, then the incidence rate would be:
50 per 1,000 per year
100 per 1,000
100 per 1,000 per year
50 per 1,000
81.  Observing the distribution of disease or health _ related characteristics in human population with respect to time, place and person is known as:
Analytical epidemiology
Descriptive epidemiology
Experimental epidemiology
Intervention studies
82.  Cross _ sectional study is also known as:
Longitudinal study
Incidence study
Prevalence study
Follow _ up study
83.  The epidemiology method which provide background data for planning, organizing and evaluating preventive and curative services is:
Analytical epidemiology
Experimental epidemiology
Descriptive epidemiology
Ecological studies
84.  Case control studies are often called as:
Prospective studies
Retrospective studies
Follow _ up studies
Ecological studies
85.  Which one of the following is correct about case control method?
The study is expensive
Long follow _ up period is often needed
Yields incidence rates and attributable risk
It uses a control or comparison group
86.  The process by which the controls are selected in such a way the they are similar to case with regard to certain pertinent selected variables is known as:
Randomization
Matching
Blinding
Fixing
87.  The components of epidemiology are:
Disease frequency
Distribution of disease
Determinants of disease
Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease
88.  Cohort study is also known as:
Longitudinal study
Prospective study
Incidence study
Prevalence study
89.  Which one of the following is correct about cohort study?
Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation
The study proceeds backwards form effect to cause
It uses a control or comparison group
Both exposure and outcome have occurred prior to the study
90.  The basic approach in cohort studies is to work from:
Causes to effect
Effect to cause
Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct
Exposed to non-exposed
91.  Which one of the following is correct about cohort study:
Starts with the disease
Involves fewer number of subjects
Yields incidence rate
Relatively in expensive
92.  Pilot study is done to:
Find the feasibility in conducting study
Determine the sample size
Find the unknown effect
Find the all of those
93.  The “unusual” occurrence of disease in a community clearly in excess of “Expected occurrence” is known as:
Endemic
Pandemic
Exotic
Epidemic
94.  The level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is known as:
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Herd immunity
Combination of Active and passive
95.  Experimental studies are:
Cohort and case _ control studies
Prevalence and incidence studies
Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials
Cohort and prevalence studies
96.  Matching is done to:
Eliminate bias in sampling
Eliminate confounding factors
Stratified sampling
Quota sampling
97.  Picking every 5th or 10th unit at regular intervals is:
Random sampling
Systemic sampling
Stratified Sampling
Quota Sampling
98.  Hypothesis is:
A theory
An Experiment
A report
a supposition from an observation
99.  Risk factors related to dental caries are:
Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time
Bacteria, periodontal disease, food
Host, time and gingival disease
Environment and oral hygiene
100.          Mean and standard deviation come be worked out only if data is on?
Interval or Ratio scale
Dichotomous scale
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
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