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Planning 3 - Location Theory: The Foundation of Planning and other Economic Theories and Models

It's design ▪ UNESCO, which named Brasilia a World Heritage Site, a "landmark in the history of town planning". ▪ Urban planner Lucio Costa and architect Oscar Niemeyer intended "that every element—from the layout of the residential and administrative districts (often compared to the shape of a bird in flight) to the symmetry of the buildings themselves — should be in harmony with the city's overall design." ▪ Even those who don't appreciate the finer details of design will dig the city's spacey, futuristic feel.

Brasilia, Brazil

Toronto, Canada

Curitiba, Brazil

Tokyo, Japan

Arcology. The concept has been primarily popularized, & the term itself coined, by

Paolo Soleri.

Toronto, Canada

Tokyo, Japan

Helsinki, Finland

This can be achieved by planned decentralization of workers in their places of employment, THUS transferring the advantages of urban agglomeration en bloc to the new settlement.

The 2 magnets - Ebenezer Howard

The linear city

The 3 magnets - Ebenezer Howard

The 15 magnets - Ebenezer Howard

Attempt to preserve the beautiful and restore health to decaying cities especially in Europe.

Societies (genteel)

Ernst may (1886-1970)

H.alkertripp (1883-1954)

Clarence perry (1872-1944)

Prepared the Great London Plan of 1944. The broad aim of the plan was essentially Howard - decentralization of hundreds of thousands of people from an overcrowded giant city and their re-establishment in great series of new planned communities which from the beginning would be selfcontained towns for living and working.

Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)

Patrick Abercrombie (1779-1780)

Patrick Abercrombie (1879-1957)

Clarence Perry (1872-1944)

Bourneville, Birmingham (1879-1895)

George Cadbury

Christopher Alexander

Robert Owen

Clarence Stein & Henry Wright

Proposed by Mata in 1882 to be developed along an axis of high- speed, high intensity transportation from an existing city. His argument was that under the influence of new forms of masstransportation, cities were tending to assume such a linear form. His ambitious proposal is running this linear city across Europe from Cadiz in Spain to St. Petersburg in Russia, a total distance of 1,800 miles.

The Linear City (La Ciudad Lineal)

The 3 Magnets - Ebenezer Howard

Clarence perry (1872-1944)

Ernst may (1886-1970)

Was created as the world's first Garden City in England from the vision of Howard. ❖ Designed by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. ❖ Welwyn, Southern Hertfordshire, England (1920) was the 2nd Garden City.

Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England, (1903)

Tony garnier (1869-1948)

Societies (genteel)

Clarence Stein (1882- 1975)

Wrote "The Culture of Cities" in 1938 that became almost the Bible of the regional planning movement.

Ebenezer Howard

Robert Owen

Peter Collins

Lewis Mumford

Developed the idea of a "neighborhood unit". ❖ The principle was based on the natural catchment area of community facilities such as schools, local shops and other services. It was largely adopted by British planners after WWII. It is not only a pragmatic device, but a deliberate piece of social engineering which would help people achieve a sense of identity with the community and the place.

H.alkertripp (1883-1954)

Clarence Perry (1872-1944)

Patrick Abercrombie (1879-1957)

Ernst May (1886-1970)

� Satellite "smart" city ▪ By 2030 - to bring in 1B$ yearly and create 100K jobs

Dubai, Uae

Toronto, Canada

Konza Technological City, Kenya

Eko Atlantic, Nigeria

Applied the principle in the new-town development at Radburn, Northern New Jersey in 1933.

Clark green city

Robert owen

Lewis mumford

Clarence Stein & Henry Wright

Scotch Biologist arrived at a systematic study of the forces that were shaping growth and change in modern cities which is now recognized as human ecology: the relationship of man and his environment. His visionary concept was captured his book published in 1915, "Cities in Evolution". Geddes contribution to planning was to base it firmly on the study of reality, the close analysis of settlement patterns and local economic environment. His standard sequence of planning: survey-analyze-plan, gave planning a logical structure

Patrick Abercrombie (1879-1957)

Tony Garnier (1869-1948)

Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)

Clarence Perry (1872-1944)

Town, Saltaire (1853-63) - industrial village for the spiritual, physical and moral welfare of the workers.

Sir Titus Salt

Clarence Perry (1872-1944)

Tony Garnier (1869-1948)

Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)

➢It's Data transparency! • At the forefront of a growing municipal trend that involves cities making their statistical data available on Internet. What this means is that the slew of agendas, meetings, and decisions that cumulatively form the city's government life — and provide a glimpse of its future — are transparent and visible to anyone who's interested. • Blind Square app, which helps blind people navigate the city. • Among metropolises using tech to get citizens more involved in government and create a higher quality of life for residents.

Barcelona, Spain

Tokyo, Japan

Helsinki, Finland

Nice, France

An architect working mainly in the city of Lyon, produced in 1898 - the same year as Howard's was published - a design for an industrial city (Cite Industrielle) which, like Howard's garden city was to be a self-contained settlement with its own industries and housing close by. The Cite Industrielle was never built.

Patrick Abercrombie (1879-1957)

Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)

Tony Garnier (1869-1948)

Ernst May (1886-1970)

An architect and city planner developed a series of satellite towns (Trabantenstadte) an open land outside the built-up limits, and separated from the city proper by a green belt. ❖They were remarkable for their detailed design treatment, in which May combined uncompromising use of the then new functional style of architecture with free use of low-rise apartment blocks, all set in a park landscape.

Clarence Perry (1872-1944)

Ernst May (1881-1884)

Ernst May (1886-1970)

Tony Garnier (1869-1948)

1 : having impossibly ideal conditions especially of social organization. 2 : proposing or advocating impractically ideal social and political schemes

Utopian Visionaries as Social Reformers to create "utopia"

The 3 magnets - Ebenezer Howard

Raymond Unwin (1863- 1940) and Barry Parker (1867-1947)

"Smart" City (sustainable; innovative)

New Lanark in Scotland (1800- 10) - a model community for mills and mill's workers. "Without crime, without poverty, with health greatly improved, with little, if any misery, and with intelligence and happiness increased a hundredfold."

Thomas Malthus

Robert Owen

Lewis Mumford

Karl Marx

�The idea enjoyed some popularity among planners on the grounds that it has some good qualities: ▪ It corresponds to the need to exploit costly investments in new lines of rapid communication; ▪ it gives easy access to nearby open countryside; and ▪ can respond automatically to the need for further growth

The Linear City

The Broadacres

The Mile High Tower

The Radiant City

Published "Town Planning and Traffic". He asserted that cities should be reconstructed on the basis of precincts. He argued for a hierarchy of roads segregating arterial and sub-arterial roads, segregated from a local street with only occasional access. High-capacity, freeflow highway would define large blocks of the city

H.AlkerTripp (1883-1954)

Patrick abercrombie (1879-1957)

Clarence perry (1872-1944)

Clarence stein (1882- 1975)

Swiss-born architect popularly known as Le Corbusier. Among his notable designs produced for city reconstruction or for new settlements are his Unite d'Habitation (1946-52) at Marseilles in France, and his grand project for the capital City of the Punjab at Chandigarh (1950-7), which is being finished only after his death. His central ideas on planning are contained in his important books, The City of Tomorrow (1922) and The Radiant City (La Ville radieuse, 1933).

Charles Edouard Jeanneret (1907-1910)

Charles Edouard Jeanneret (1987-1992)

Charles Edouard Jeanneret (1887-1965)

Charles Edouard Jeanneret (1882-1885)

• Low carbon transport system • Green industrial sector • Energy efficient buildings • Greening of the city itself • Green, resilient infra • Intelligent system

Singapore

First ever floating city

The notion of a "smart" city

"Green" City

"architecture and ecology" - a field of creating architectural design principles for very densely populated, ecologically lowimpact human habitats. Massive vertical structure which preserves more of the natural environment

Project Noah

Archizoom

Geology

Arcology

The world could have its _______________________ by 2020

The radiant city

First ever floating city

Singapore

Anglo American Tradition and European Tradition

Designers of the 1st GC at Letchworth, England and later on built the Hampstead Garden Suburb Golders Green, Northwest London. It was a dormitory suburb experimenting in the creation of a socially mixed community

Raymond Unwin (1863- 1940) and Barry Parker (1867-1947)

Anglo American Tradition and European Tradition

3 main aspects of technology applied in "Smart" Cities for assessment:

�It's architecture (...and everything else) ▪ advanced railway system, its sci-fi cuisine, the abundance and originality of its shopping options, its seriously strange museums, its next-level haute couture, inventive apartment buildings, and glittering skyline. At 2,080 feet, it's the tallest structure in Japan, The Tokyo Skytree the tallest tower in the world, and the second-tallest building, after Burj Khalifa in Dubai

Nagano, Japan

Brasilia, Brazil

Tokyo, Japan

Paris, France

Critique to Perry's idea. His paper "A City is not a Tree" in 1963 suggested that sociologically the whole idea is false: different people had varied needs for local services, and the principle of choice was paramount.

Christopher Alexander

Frank Lloyd Wright

Lewis Mumford

Clarence Perry

- relates to the use of ICT to improve QOL and city services. ▪ Encompasses everything from public spaces with free WIFI, solar-powered streetlights, automated-lift car parks

"Smart" City (sustainable; innovative)

"Smart" City

Utopian Visionaries as Social Reformers to create "utopia"

Clarence Stein & Henry Wright

- a space for coexistence among people who, based on the available technologies, can thrive and develop, while taking into account economic, social and environmental sustainability.

P. G. F. le Play

"Smart" City

Robert Owen

"Smart" City (sustainable; innovative)

Garden City

Robert Owen

Lewis Mumford

Ebenezer Howard

Daniel Burnham

The Linear City (La Ciudad Lineal)

Vision City, Rwanda

Hong Kong, China

Arturo Soria Mata

Ernst May (1886-1970)

Town, Country, Town-Country (Magnets) Center to People. Howard is saying that living in the town (city) and the country (rural) has a mixture of advantages and disadvantages. Town and Country (Garden City) which Howard proposed is a hybrid form with the advantages without any of the disadvantages.

The linear city

The 6 magnets - Ebenezer Howard

The 8 magnets - Ebenezer Howard

The 3 magnets - Ebenezer Howard

Is a place where community involvement can take place; where the emphasis is on a program to meet the needs of children of all ages, as well as adults; where there is open space (parks); where the main thoroughfares are separated from the pedestrian walks; where the property is small , but the common parks make up for the lack of yard space.

Helsinki, Finland

Radburn, Northern New Jersey

Brasilia, Brazil

The Radiant City

French Sociologist also stressed the intimate and subtle relationships which existed between human settlement and the land, through the nature of local economy with the triad relationship of Place-Work-Play.

P. G. F. le Play

Patrick geddes (1854-1932)

Clarence perry (1872-1944)

Radburn, northern new jersey

Modeled on or aiming for a state in which everything is perfect.

Idealistic

Emotional

Narrative

Expressive

� 9, 450 hectares - half the size of Metro Manila - a planned community in Capas, Tarlac. ❖ Philippine's new growth center FEATURES: ▪ Disaster resilience ▪ Proximity to connectivity infrastructure ▪ Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives ▪ Green and sustainable development ▪ "Smart" development ▪ Socially inclusive development

The Radiant City

Tokyo, Japan

Clark Green City

The Linear City

Evolved out of the pioneering and innovation in the USA

The Notion of a "smart" City

Anglo American Tradition and European Tradition

The Linear City (la Ciudad Lineal)

Clarence Stein & Henry Wright

The most well-known planning ideas by E. Howard, American, shorthand court employee.

Garden City

Image Of The City

Linear City

City Beautiful Movement

Technology • Internet • Hardware • Software Governance (Decision Making) • Evidence-based • Quick • Error Free Purpose • Resilience • Energy efficiency • QOL

The radiant city

"green" city

Anglo American tradition and european Tradition

The Notion of a "Smart" City

Le Corbusier

The Organization Man

The Radiant City

First Ever Floating City

Silent Spring

The country's largest housing project

Brasilia, Brazil

Helsinki, Finland

Vision City, Rwanda

The Radiant City

Dubai, UAE Hong Kong, China Curitiba, Brazil Singapore Tokyo, Japan Brasilia, Brazil Toronto, Canada Helsinki, Finland

Some of the Most Futuristic & Forward Thinking Cities In the World

3 main aspects of technology applied in "Smart" Cities for assessment:

Raymond Unwin (1863- 1940) and Barry Parker (1867-1947)

"Smart" City (sustainable; innovative)

BOOK: Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898). He envisioned a city of between 25,000 to 32,000 inhabitants surrounded by a green belt.

Garden City

Daniel Burnham

Ebenezer Howard

Lewis Mumford

�It's Eco-friendliness and smart city planning ▪ earned a Globe Award for sustainability, and UNESCO has also honored the city, citings its efficient transportation system as a model for developing regions

Santiago, Chile

Curitiba, Brazil

Tokyo, Japan

Brasilia, Brazil

❖ Urban renewal with steroids! ❖ When you leverage technology in the governance of a city to achieve a set predetermined goals (purposes), you get a "smart" city ❖ "Green" City • Low carbon transport system • Green industrial sector • Energy efficient buildings • Greening of the city itself • Green, resilient infra • Intelligent system

What "smart" city really is?

Clark Green City

The Linear City (La Ciudad Lineal)

Radburn, Northern New Jersey

Architect planner improved the neighborhood concept. He grasped the principle that in local residential areas the need above all was to segregate the pedestrian routes used for local journey from the routes used by car traffic.

H.alkertripp (1883-1954)

Clarence perry (1872-1944)

Charles Edouard jeanneret (1887-1965)

Clarence Stein (1882- 1975)

� It's concept of City▪ 95 percent of its residents are noncitizen workers or expats with limited rights.

Tokyo, Japan

Paris, France

Dubai, UAE

Padua, Italy

Developed by Le Corbusier during the 1920's and 1930's is an idea of a city with very high local concentrations of population in tall buildings, which would allow most of the ground spaces to be left open. The cruciform tower blocks are designed to admit maximum light to the apartments. Dense flows of traffic on the motorway-style roads are handled by complex interchanges.

First Ever Floating City

The Radiant City

The Linear City

The Organization Man

�It's plan for growth ▪ foster greater population density and cut down on vehicular congestion, among other spatial inefficiencies, without diminishing quality of life

Indonesia

Singapore

Thailand

Philippines

� It's design o The city boasts some seriously sleek architecture and a booming art scene: both factors that add to its forward thinking appeal

Houston, Texas

Helsinki, Finland

Toronto, Canada

Vancouver, Canada

� New financial hub for Nigeria - to bring in 150K commuters daily in 2020. ❖ Land reclaimed from the sea to house 250K people.

Brasilia, Brazil

Tokyo, Japan

Eko Atlantic, Nigeria

The Radiant City

�It's architecture ▪ more skyscrapers than any other city in the world. The Jockey Club Innovation Tower

Hong Kong, China

Dubai, Uae

Tokyo, Japan

Venice, Italy

� Mobility ▪ Energy efficiency ▪ Quality of life

Clarence Stein & Henry Wright

3 main aspects of technology applied in "Smart" Cities for assessment:

Some of the Most Futuristic & Forward Thinking Cities In the World

"Smart" City (sustainable; innovative)

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