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Chap 4 & 5 personality practice test

According to Alfred Adler, what is the driving force behind all human behavior?

The pursuit of power

The pursuit of superiority

The pursuit of becoming a complete human being

What does Alfred Adler emphasize as the primary goal of all human functioning?

Striving for perfection

Striving for power

Striving for success

Striving for superiority

Striving for social interest

How does Alfred Adler describe the view of the individual in his theory?

Analytical, deterministic, and person-oriented

Holistic, deterministic, and goal-oriented

Holistic, teleological, and person-oriented

Structural, teleological, and person-oriented

Structural, deterministic, and goal-oriented

What does Alfred Adler believe motivates a person's behavior?

The experience of weakness and the striving for power

The pursuit of superiority and perfection

The experience of inferiority and the striving for superiority

The pursuit of social interest and perfection

The pursuit of power and success

According to Alfred Adler, how does a person compensate for perceived weaknesses or inferiorities?

By developing weak organs or functions to an extraordinarily high degree

By striving for perfection in all aspects of life

By conforming to societal expectations

By seeking power and control over others

By ignoring or denying their weaknesses or inferiorities

What does Alfred Adler believe is the role of early childhood experiences in personality development?

They only influence certain aspects of personality

They determine a person's entire personality

They have no impact on personality development

They serve as a precursor for later personality development

They are irrelevant to personality development

How does Alfred Adler describe the personality as a whole?

A reflection of societal norms and expectations

A result of unconscious desires and instincts

A whole that functions to achieve self-determined goals

A combination of genetic and environmental factors

A collection of separate, distinct components

What does Alfred Adler believe is the role of the social environment in personality development?

It determines a person's entire personality

It contributes to the development of feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority

It is irrelevant to personality development

It influences certain aspects of personality

It has no impact on personality development

What does Alfred Adler emphasize as the key factor in a person's development and lifestyle?

The influence of genetic and environmental factors

The pursuit of social interest and perfection

The pursuit of power and success

The individual's own creative abilities to identify and attempt to reach their own goals

The experience of weakness and the striving for superiority

According to Alfred Adler, what is the difference between striving for superiority and the actualizing tendency?

Striving for superiority is the attempt to overcome real or imagined inferiorities, while actualizing denotes fulfillment

Striving for superiority and the actualizing tendency are both attempts to compensate for weaknesses

Striving for superiority and the actualizing tendency are the same thing

Striving for superiority is the pursuit of power, while actualizing is the pursuit of social interest

Striving for superiority is the pursuit of perfection, while actualizing is the pursuit of success

How does Alfred Adler define the concept of lifestyle?

The pursuit of perfection and success

Each person establishes their own specific goals in life and uses their own unique methods to reach them

The way in which a person strives for superiority in choosing his or her own goals and establishing his or her own methods to achieve them

The pursuit of becoming a complete human being

The pursuit of power and social interest

What is the difference between the active-constructive lifestyle and the passive-constructive lifestyle?

The active-constructive lifestyle is more selfish and power-seeking, while the passive-constructive lifestyle is more passive and lazy

The active-constructive lifestyle focuses on community-oriented goals, while the passive-constructive lifestyle focuses on personal goals

The active-constructive lifestyle involves taking initiative and being ambitious, while the passive-constructive lifestyle relies on others to take initiative

The active-constructive lifestyle is more antisocial and aggressive, while the passive-constructive lifestyle is more manipulative and controlling

The active-constructive lifestyle is more ambitious and active in striving towards goals, while the passive-constructive lifestyle is more friendly and charming

What are constitutional attributes according to Alfred Adler?

The ability to be creative in forming life goals and planning how to achieve them

The general feeling of inferiority that develops during the child's first social interactions

Physical or organic weaknesses that are genetic or acquired

The ability to interpret and perceive unique situations and inborn potential in any way one chooses

Biological and psychological characteristics one is born with

What is the role of the social environment in Alfred Adler's theory?

It determines the direction and nature of an individual's personality development

It is the primary factor in determining a person's lifestyle

It plays a secondary role to the individual's goal-directedness and creative abilities

It contributes to the development of feelings of inferiority and influences a person's goals and striving for superiority

It limits a person's development in a definitive or deterministic manner

What is the creative self according to Alfred Adler?

The striving for superiority and perfection that motivates human behavior

The ability of humans to be imaginative and innovative in forming their own life goals and planning how to achieve them

The specific goals and unique methods that each person establishes in life

The interaction between constitutional attributes and the social environment

The constitutional and environmental factors that influence personality development

The attempt to make up for weakness by developing a weak organ or function to an extraordinarily high degree is a response to which concept of inferiority?

The pursuit of success and achievement as a means of compensating for feelings of inferiority

The preoccupation with one's weaknesses to the extent that they are easily hurt if any reference is made to them

The pursuit of becoming a complete human being through the pursuit of perfection

The pursuit of power and social interest as a means of overcoming feelings of inferiority

The attempt to make up for weakness by developing a weak organ or function to an extraordinarily high degree

What is the difference between the active-destructive lifestyle and the passive-destructive lifestyle?

The active-destructive lifestyle is more antisocial and aggressive, while the passive-destructive lifestyle is more manipulative and controlling

The active-destructive lifestyle is more ambitious and active in striving towards goals, while the passive-destructive lifestyle is more friendly and charming

The active-destructive lifestyle is more selfish and power-seeking, while the passive-destructive lifestyle is more passive and lazy

The active-destructive lifestyle focuses on community-oriented goals, while the passive-destructive lifestyle focuses on personal goals

The active-destructive lifestyle involves actively working towards selfish or antisocial goals, while the passive-destructive lifestyle strives towards such goals in a passive way

What is the concept of fictional finalism in Alfred Adler's theory?

The pursuit of power and social interest as guiding principles in a person's behavior

The pursuit of superiority and perfection as guiding principles in a person's behavior

The idea that a person's goals are fictitious creations that guide their behavior

The pursuit of becoming a complete human being as the ultimate goal in a person's behavior

The pursuit of perfection and success as guiding principles in a person's behavior

According to Adler, what is the ultimate and highest form of group formation?

People of the same culture

People of the same ethnicity

All of humanity

People of the same race

People of the same social class

What is the term for an acute feeling of inferiority characterized by extreme shyness or aggressive compensation?

Identity complex

Inferiority complex

Insecurity complex

Superiority complex

Ego complex

What is the term for an exaggerated feeling of being superior to others?

Superiority complex

Ego complex

Arrogance complex

Inferiority complex

Identity complex

What are the factors influencing personality development according to Adler?

Genetics and upbringing

Peer influence and cultural norms

Constitutional attributes, environmental factors, and individual's creative reaction

Social class and education

Birth order and family constellation

What is the most appropriate lifestyle for achieving basic human goals of superiority and perfection?

Active-destructive lifestyle

Passive-destructive lifestyle

Passive-constructive lifestyle

Active-constructive lifestyle

What is the cornerstone of mental health according to Adler?

Having good physical health

Being financially stable

Having a strong social network

Placing striving for perfection at the service of society

Achieving personal success

What is psychopathology rooted in according to Adler?

Traumatic experiences

Chemical imbalances in the brain

Genetic predisposition

Environmental factors

Lack of social interest and excessive preoccupation with the self

According to Adler, what is the difference between a mentally healthy individual and a neurotic person?

There is no essential difference between them

A neurotic person is more successful at dealing with life's problems

A mentally healthy individual is more successful at dealing with life's problems

A mentally healthy individual has no problems

A neurotic person is mentally unstable

According to Erikson, what is the primary function of the ego?

To resolve conflicts between the id and superego

To conform to societal norms

To satisfy the desires of the id

To establish and maintain a sense of identity

What is an identity crisis?

A struggle to conform to societal norms

A conflict between the id and superego

Confusion and despair experienced when lacking a strong awareness of who we are

A process of resolving conflicts between the ego and superego

How does Erikson view human development?

Based on the resolution of unconscious conflicts

Based on the conflict between societal norms and the individual

Based on the gradual and lifelong progression and advancement of the individual's innate potential

Based on the satisfaction of primal desires

What is the epigenetic principle according to Erikson?

Individual characteristics emerge randomly throughout life

Development is solely determined by social influences

Development is solely determined by genetic factors

What is the role of the ego according to Erikson?

To enforce societal norms

To resolve conflicts between the id and superego

To make coordinated and planned functioning possible

To satisfy the desires of the id

What are ego strengths according to Erikson?

Characteristics acquired by the id through successful development

Characteristics acquired by the superego through successful development

Characteristics acquired by the ego through conflict resolution

Characteristics acquired by the ego through successful development

How does Erikson explain the origin of behaviour?

As the outcome of unconscious conflicts

As the outcome of inherent developmental tendencies and behavior patterns transformed by interaction with the social environment

As the outcome of societal pressures

As the outcome of primal desires

What are the basic principles of development according to Erikson?

Genetic factors and unconscious conflicts

Social influences and primal desires

Genetic factors and social influences

Social influences and unconscious conflicts

What is a developmental crisis according to Erikson?

A crisis arising from the interaction between genetic development and social influences

A crisis arising from primal desires

A crisis arising from unconscious conflicts

A crisis arising from societal pressures

What are organ modes and psychosocial modalities according to Erikson?

Post-genital forms of physical behaviour patterns in children and corresponding social and cognitive behavior patterns in adults

Pre-genital forms of physical behaviour patterns in children and corresponding social and cognitive behavior patterns in adults

Pre-genital forms of physical behaviour patterns in adults and corresponding social and cognitive behavior patterns in children

Post-genital forms of physical behaviour patterns in adults and corresponding social and cognitive behavior patterns in children

According to Erikson, what is the underlying basic motive of human beings?

To resolve conflicts between the id and superego

To conform to societal norms

To satisfy our desires

To develop our inherent potential

How does Erikson interpret and explain the role of the ego?

As a source of conflict between the id and superego

As a mediator between the id and superego

As a passive entity that is controlled by the id and superego

As an aspect of the personality that makes coordinated and planned functioning possible

According to Erikson, what are the two problems when it comes to explaining what motivates people?

Lack of societal influences and focus on physical energy transference

Lack of developmental crises and focus on physical needs

Overemphasis on societal influences and lack of genetic factors

Rare use of dynamic or motivational concepts and emphasis on inherent developmental tendencies and behavior patterns

What are the basic principles of development according to Erikson?

Physical needs and societal influences

Genetic factors and societal norms

Genetic factors and social influences

Physical needs and genetic factors

What is a developmental crisis according to Erikson?

A crisis arising from the interaction between genetic development and social influences

A conflict between the id and superego

A process of resolving conflicts between the ego and superego

A struggle to conform to societal norms

What are organ modes and psychosocial modalities according to Erikson?

Modes of conformity to societal norms

Modes of satisfying the desires of the id

Modes of conflict resolution between the id and superego

Pre-genital forms of physical behavior patterns in children and corresponding social and cognitive behavior patterns in adults

What is the relationship between organ modes and psychosocial modalities according to Erikson?

Adult behaviour patterns grow out of the earlier behavior patterns in children

Organ modes and psychosocial modalities are unrelated

Organ modes and psychosocial modalities are opposites

Organ modes and psychosocial modalities develop independently

What is the first stage of development according to Erikson?

Trust vs Mistrust

Initiative vs Guilt

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Identity vs Role Confusion

Initiative vs Guilt

Which organ mode is associated with the second stage of development?

Mouth and intake of food

Retention and excretion

Mastered the various organ modes

Independence of movement

Physical changes of puberty

What is the resolution of the third stage of development?

Development of a sense of proficiency

Balance between childlike enthusiasm for doing and making things, and the tendency to be too strict in self-judgment

The ability to make independent choices and exercise a degree of self-control

Healthy trust in the world to satisfy their needs, but tempered by distrust and caution

Certainty about own identity, an accepting awareness of other possible identity choices that could have been made, capacity for loyalty towards one’s social roles or roles in general

What is the danger of the fourth stage of development?

Evasion of experiences and feelings of isolation

Fear of death and intense desire to live their lives over again

Inability to develop generativity and feeling of stagnation

Child may fail to acquire skills and tools of their culture, causing feelings of inferiority

May become confused in search for identity and suitable social role

Which stage of development is associated with the physical changes of puberty and the onset of sexual maturity?

Intimacy vs Isolation

Trust vs Mistrust

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Industry vs Inferiority

Identity vs Role Confusion

What is the resolution of the sixth stage of development?

Concern for what has been generated by love, necessity, or accident

Development of a sense of proficiency

Able to accept themselves and others fully, feel that their lives have been unique and worthwhile, satisfied with lived life, ready to die

Synthesis of intimacy and isolation - the attainment of true love

Certainty about own identity, an accepting awareness of other possible identity choices that could have been made, capacity for loyalty towards one’s social roles or roles in general

What is the main focus of the seventh stage of development?

Able to accept themselves and others fully, feel that their lives have been unique and worthwhile, satisfied with lived life, ready to die

Synthesis of intimacy and isolation

Concern for what has been generated by love, necessity, or accident

Developing a desire to be needed and caring for others

Achievement of ego identity and ongoing relationships

At what age does the eighth stage of development begin?

2nd year

1st year

3 - 6 years

6 - 12 years

60 - 70 years

What is the resolution of the eighth stage of development?

Development of a sense of proficiency

Able to accept themselves and others fully, feel that their lives have been unique and worthwhile, satisfied with lived life, ready to die

The ability to make independent choices and exercise a degree of self-control

Certainty about own identity, an accepting awareness of other possible identity choices that could have been made, capacity for loyalty towards one’s social roles or roles in general

Healthy trust in the world to satisfy their needs, but tempered by distrust and caution

What is the ego strength associated with the seventh stage of development?

Purpose

Hope

Willpower

Care

Competence

Which organ mode is associated with the first stage of development?

Mouth and intake of food

Independence of movement

Retention and excretion

Mastered the various organ modes

Physical changes of puberty

What is the resolution of the first stage of development?

The ability to make independent choices and exercise a degree of self-control

Healthy trust in the world to satisfy their needs, but tempered by distrust and caution

Balance between childlike enthusiasm for doing and making things, and the tendency to be too strict in self-judgment

Certainty about own identity, an accepting awareness of other possible identity choices that could have been made, capacity for loyalty towards one’s social roles or roles in general

Development of a sense of proficiency

What is the ego strength associated with the second stage of development?

Hope

Willpower

Reliability

Purpose

Competence

Which stage of development is associated with the resolution of balance between childlike enthusiasm and self-judgment?

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Industry vs Inferiority

Trust vs Mistrust

Initiative vs Guilt

Identity vs Role Confusion

What is the organ mode associated with the third stage of development?

Physical changes of puberty

Independence of movement

Mastered the various organ modes

Mouth and intake of food

Retention and excretion

What is the resolution of the third stage of development?

Balance between childlike enthusiasm for doing and making things, and the tendency to be too strict in self-judgment

Development of a sense of proficiency

Healthy trust in the world to satisfy their needs, but tempered by distrust and caution

Certainty about own identity, an accepting awareness of other possible identity choices that could have been made, capacity for loyalty towards one’s social roles or roles in general

The ability to make independent choices and exercise a degree of self-control

What is the ego strength associated with the fourth stage of development?

Competence

Purpose

Reliability

Willpower

Hope

Which stage of development is associated with the resolution of development of a sense of proficiency?

Identity vs Role Confusion

Initiative vs Guilt

Industry vs Inferiority

Trust vs Mistrust

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

What is the organ mode associated with the fifth stage of development?

Mastered the various organ modes

Independence of movement

Retention and excretion

Physical changes of puberty

Mouth and intake of food

What is the resolution of the fifth stage of development?

Development of a sense of proficiency

Balance between childlike enthusiasm for doing and making things, and the tendency to be too strict in self-judgment

The ability to make independent choices and exercise a degree of self-control

Healthy trust in the world to satisfy their needs, but tempered by distrust and caution

Certainty about own identity, an accepting awareness of other possible identity choices that could have been made, capacity for loyalty towards one’s social roles or roles in general

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