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Art 196 Exam 1

In addition to the toll taken by time and natural causes, much ancient art was lost when it was intentionally destroyed (i.e. iconoclasm) by Christians who rejected Greco-Roman polytheism as diabolical, or when it was repurposed for Christian use (i.e. spolia).

True

False

The classical order that is characterized by a capital decorated with ___________ is called the ____________ order.

Volutes / Ionic

Acanthus / Ionic

Volutes / Doric

Acanthus / Doric

In a basilican plan church, which part intersects the nave at a right angle?

Transept

Aisle

Apse

The wedge-shaped block that is used to form an arch is called a ________.

Transept

Nave

Voussoir

Clerestory

Why did the Christians adopt the form of the Ancient Roman Basilica as the plan for their churches?

It was a sacred building type associated with pagan religious practices

It was a secular building type not associated with pagan religious practices

The fact that the Roman Empire was Christianized allowed for later Christian cultures to adopt and adapt motifs that had been originally developed by a pagan society.

True

False

What is the name of the part of the church shown inside the red rectangle?

Transept

Nave

Aisle

Voussoir

The final layer of fine plaster (the layer that receives the paint) applied to the wall in the production of a fresco painting is called the

Giornata

Intonaco

Sinopia

Arriccio

This type of underdrawing, done to prepare the wall surface for a fresco painting, is called

Rusticated

Intonaco

Sinopia

Giornata

Which of the following is TRUE of this figure? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

The lion motifs included with the figure evoke the Old Testament figure, Daniel

It is a personification of the Christian virtue of Fortitude (strength)

The lion motifs included with the figure evoke the Classical hero, Hercules

What was the original purpose of this room?

It was a guest room used to house visiting dignitaries

It was used as a formal dining room

It was where a governing council of Siena held its meetings

The pope presided over the Mass in this room

The mendicant orders _______ in order to _______. Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

Established monasteries in urban locations / preach to the growing urban populations

Established monasteries in remote locations / focus their energy on the contemplative life

Embraced religious imagery / teach their followers religious stories and concepts

Rejected religious imagery / conform to the ban on images in the second commandment

Why did many Italian cities build large cathedrals in the fourteenth century? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

To accommodate ever larger urban populations.

To express their piety and devotion to God.

To demonstrate their wealth.

What term describes the appearance of multiple scenes from a narrative within a single pictorial field, as shown in this relief?

Continuous narrative

Linear perspective

Intonaco

Sfumato

A horizontal band containing decoration (as seen in the frescoes on the walls of this chapel) is called a __________.

Linear perspective

Intonaco

Continuous narrative

Which of the following is true of the small scene to the left of this fresco (indicated by the red arrows)? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It makes a typological reference to Christ's death and resurrection.

It represents Jonah being swallowed by a sea creature.

It was included because the patron's father was a wealthy sea captain.

Which of the following is true of this fresco? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It encouraged the people who saw it to govern the city wisely.

It shows a safe and prosperous city.

It was located in an important chapel in Siena

According to a contemporary account, which of the following took place on the day Duccio's Maestà altarpiece was installed in the Siena cathedral? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

All the bells of the city were ringing

Men and women were separated in the religious procession (parade)

All of the shops were closed

A religious procession (parade) carried the altarpiece to the cathedral

This sculpture is an example of how authoritarian Christian rulers used Ancient Roman Imperial iconography to assert their claims to power.

True

False

The decorative, four-lobed frame around this relief is known as a _____________.

Quatrefoil

Rustication

Intonaco

Mendicant

Which elements of this structure give it a fortress-like appearance? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

Grisaille

Rustication

Crenellation

Sinopia

The inscription along the base of the throne in this image is _________________. Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

An appeal to the Virgin Mary on behalf of Siena

Text that was added long after the work was painted

An assertion of authorship on the part of the work's painter

Why were many Italian city-states essentially self-governing in the fourteenth century? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

The papacy spent long periods of time away from Rome, in France

The Holy Roman Emperor's power base was far away, on the other side of the Alps

They were granted the right to self-rule by the Holy Roman Emperor

They were granted the right to self-rule by the papacy

Because the pigment is applied to and absorbed into a layer of wet plaster, fresco painting is a delicate and fragile medium.

True

False

Which elements of this painting have been seen as evidence for an increasing concern with naturalistic representation? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

The way some of the figures adjacent to the throne overlap and obscure the view of figures behind them

The highlights on the Virgin’s blue mantle are painted with a lighter blue rather than gold

The difference in scale between the figure on the throne and those who surround it

The use of gold leaf for the background

As compared to French churches of the late Middle Ages, those in Italy _______. Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

Have less fenestration and fewer stained-glass windows

Have more extensive painted interior decoration (i.e., fresco cycles)

Have more extensive and elaborate vaulting and buttressing

Which of the following is true of this image? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It increases a sense of naturalism by showing figures from the back

The tree stands as a symbol of death and resurrection

The painter did not use composition to augment the painting's meaning

It increases a sense of naturalism by showing a range of human emotion

The painter used complementary colors to liven the image

Which of the following is true of books of hours? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

They were used exclusively by the clergy

They contain a selection of prayers and readings keyed to church rituals

They usually contain a calendar section denoting important feast days

They are expensive, luxury items

Why did the Limbourg brothers leave the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry unfinished?

The Duke stopped paying them

They all died within a short span of time, probably from the plague

The Duke died from the plague

They asked the Duke for more money and he refused

When the patrons of a work of art are represented in the work itself, as seen here in the figures in red at the lower left and right, they are known as ___________.

reliquaries

Donor portraits

Allegories

The art of engraving was first developed to ____________.

Produce illustrations for the Bible

Decorate metalwork with incised lines

Which of the following is true of this work? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It was an expensive item owned only by the wealthy

It represents St. Christopher

The text at the bottom forms a small prayer

Which of the following is true of this work? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It now functions as a reliquary

Its luxury and expense is typical of an aristocratic commission

The standing figure represents St. George

Jan van Eyck was famous throughout Europe for his exceptional ability to paint in oil.

True

False

The diamond-faced chisel used by an engraver to scratch grooves into a copper plate is called a __________.

Apse

Burin

Mendicant

Impasto

The medium of TEMPERA paint is made from ground up pigments mixed with

Gesso

Linseed oil

Intonaco

Egg yolk

According to scholars, what is the boxlike contraption (indicated by a red circle) on the ledge outside the open window in this painting?

A mousetrap

An ax sharpener

a printing press

A shoeshine box

An altarpiece such as this one was left closed most of the time, and was only opened on Sundays, specific feast days and other important occasions.

True

False

Which of these two works is the best example of a work done in oil paint?

The parallel vertical lines (seen in the riverbank and the drapery folds) that give this print a sense of three-dimensionality are called ____________.

Schiacciato

Hatching

Relief

The matrix

Which of the following is true of the picture? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

The reflection in the mirror reveals two witnesses

It is thought to represent a marriage or an engagement

The woman in the painting is pregnant

The painter's name and date are written near the small dog in the foreground

This work is an example of _________ printing, where the lines meant to be printed are _________.

relief / left raised, with the surrounding material carved away

Intaglio / left raised, with the surrounding material carved away

Intaglio / gouged into the surface of a plate with a chisel

Relief / gouged into the surface of a plate with a chisel

Which of the following is TRUE of this work? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It was commissioned by a French aristocrat

It was commissioned by a member of the new urban merchant class

It was made for installation in a chapel in a church

It was made for private devotion performed in a domestic setting

Which of the following is TRUE of this image. Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

The manuscript illuminators (Limbourg Brothers) used diagonals and triangles to form the composition

The peasants are shown rebelling against their ruler

The page was expensive and time-consuming to make

The chateau in the background belonged to Jean, the Duke of Berry

This page comes from a book that was used by a priest during Mass

Which of the following was a feature of fifteenth-century society in Northern Europe? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

The expansion of the economy and increased trade

A decrease in lay piety (personal religious devotion

The emergence of a "professional" class (bankers, lawyers, entrepreneurs)

An altarpiece or devotional work of art made up of a central panel and two wings is a _________.

Triptych

Polyptych

Diptych

Why is this image thought to be a self-portrait of Jan van Eyck? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

Jan van Eyck was known to wear a red turban

Jan van Eyck's personal motto is inscribed on the frame

The essential meaning of the iconographic program of this altarpiece is that Christ's sacrifice provides the opportunity for human salvation.

True

False

The restoration of the Ghent Altarpiece in 2020 revealed that the lamb in the painting had a strikingly human-like face. How has this been explained?

Jan and Hubert van Eyck were not familiar with the physiology of sheep

It underscored Christ's role as sacrificial savior of humanity

It was meant as a ploy to fool Satan

It was the result of a botched restoration in the eighteenth century

These two reliefs were submitted to a competition for the commission of a set of bronze doors. Which one was declared the winner by the guild overseeing the contest?

According to Leonardo, which of the following is the more intellectual (and therefore more praiseworthy) art?

Painting

Sculpture

Why is this painting in such a state of disrepair?

The patron disliked the painting and had it plastered over.

It was attacked and defaced by iconoclasts

The painter experimented with an oil and tempera medium applied to dry plaster.

These four figures represent the patron saints of the Florentine Guild of Wood and Stone Carvers. Why did the guild adopt these particular men as their patron saints?

They perfected a new chisel that allowed the carving of hard stones.

They carved the first statue of Christ.

They were Christians who were executed by the Romans for refusing to carve a pagan idol.

They were four of the best sculptors in Florence during the Renaissance.

The interior of this church is considered to be an example of the Renaissance style because of its use of ____________________. Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

The Corinthian order

Ribbed vaulting

Rounded arches

Which of the following results from the way the painter used the technique of linear (one-point) perspective in this fresco? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

A convincing representation of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.

A series of spatial divisions that create a hierarchy between the human and the divine in the painting.

According to a traditional account, Filippo Brunelleschi won the commission to build the dome of the Florence Cathedral ___________.

By submitting detailed plans of his design for the dome

By bribing an official

By building the dome of the Baptistry first

by cracking an egg

The technique of painting distant topographical features so that their outlines appear hazy and their coloring appears tinted blue or purple, as seen in the background of this fresco, is known as ______________________.

Linear (or one-point) perspective

Atmospheric (or aerial) perspective

Continuous narrative

Which of the following is true about Filippo Brunelleschi's dome for the Florence Cathedral? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It consists of a single shell 6 meters thick

It was built with courses of herringbone brick

It has virtually the same diameter as the dome of the Pantheon

It was built with concrete in imitation of Ancient Roman structures like the Pantheon

Which of the following is true of this drawing? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It reflects High Renaissance interest in the basic geometric shapes of the circle and the square

It reflects a belief that the human form was divinely created and is the measure of the natural world

It reflects Leonardo's practice of using images to test hypotheses and communicate knowledge

It reflects High Renaissance interest in the writings of Ancient Roman authors

Based on what we know about Leonardo, which of the human senses did he consider the most valuable for collecting and disseminating information?

Touch

Hearing

Smell

Taste

Sight

Part of the reason Lorenzo Ghiberti won the competition for the commission for the Baptistry doors was because his relief used one-third less bronze than Filippo Brunelleschi’s relief.

True

False

The period in Europe that was marked by a humanistic interest in the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome is called

Antiquity

The Middle Ages

The Renaissance

In this relief, which technique did the sculptor use to create a sense of spatial depth?

Tempera

Linear perspective

Chiaroscuro

Typology

What is this type of shallow relief carving called?

Chiaroscuro

Schiacciato

Intonaco

Linear perspective

Which of the following is true of this work?

It is cast in bronze

It represents the Old Testament hero, David

It was installed on the Florentine cathedral

Which of the following is true of this picture? Be sure to mark ALL correct responses.

It was commissioned for installation in a church

It was commissioned on the occasion of a wedding

Its iconography reflects a concern with fertility

Its use of pagan mythology reflects Renaissance ideas about gender and sexuality

What do we call the technique Leonardo used to soften this figure's jawline?

Sinopia

Sfumato

Schiacciato

Intonaco

When Leonardo sent a letter to the Duke of Milan seeking a position at court, which of his skills did he emphasize?

Painting skill

Musical ability

Engineering skill

These doors, the so-called "Gates of Paradise", were given that name by _________.

Donatello

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Cosimo de' Medici

Michelangelo Buonarroti

The foliage behind the sitter in this portrait has been identified as juniper. Why do art historians believe it has been included in the painting?

It creates a visual pun on the sitter's first name

It was the symbol of the sitter's family

It was the emblem of the sitter's secret lover

The wealth of the sitter's family was derived from trade in juniper

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