Ch 4 BIOLOGY BY Daraghmeh

What are the six most important chemical elements of life?

A. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, sulfur

B.carbon ,zinc,nitrogen ,iron ,sulfur , hydrogen

C. carbon, nitrogen, calcium, oxygen, phosphate, iron

D. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, phosphate, hydrogen

Using modern equipment, a former graduate student of Stanley Miller recently reanalyzed the sample results of volcano simulation experiments that Miller conducted along with his classic experiment described in the text. This reanalysis did which of the following

A. Greatly expanded Miller's earlier findings by uncovering the traces of cell-like entities being form the volcano simulation experiments

B. Revealed the formation of the same amino acids that Miller initially observed but in a more purified form

C. Identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller

D. None of the listed responses is correct.

Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that __________.

.a. The behavior of any molecule containing a carbon atom was fundamentally the same

B. Lightning discharges could produce the molecules previously presumed to have originated in volcanic outgassings

C. A variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere

D. Urea could be synthesized from entirely naturally occurring salts

What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?

A. A triangle with carbon in the center

B. A flat sheet with carbon in the center

C. A cube with carbon in the center

D. A tetrahedron with carbon in the center

A pharmaceutical company was forced to recall a pain reliever medication that had been linked to the fatalities of several hundred people. Analysis of the recalled drug revealed the presence of two isomers due to an asymmetrical carbon atom in the drug molecule. What can be hypothesized from this observation?

A. The two isomers of the drug contain different functional groups and the isomer with the aberrant functional group is connected to the fatalities

B. The double bond involving the asymmetrical carbon can generate cis-trans isomers that typically have different chemical properties, thus accounting for the drug's toxic properties.

C. Isomers involving an asymmetrical carbon are distinguished by the tendency for functional groups to form ionic bonds with the carbon that readily break in solution. The toxic effect of the drug is due to the highly reactive nature of the dissolved functional groups

D. The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans.

A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from __________ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

A. 8 hydrogen atoms, 3 carbon atoms, and 3 oxygen atoms

B. 6 hydrogen atoms and 2 carbon atoms

C. 6 hydrogen atoms and 3 carbon atoms

D. 14 hydrogen atoms and 6 carbon atoms

What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms?

A. Carbon can combine with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons.

B. Each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions

C. Carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes from the body.

E. All of the listed responses are correct.

The carbon atom is tetravalent, which means that __________.

A. Carbon's first electron shell holds four electrons

B. Carbon readily forms ionic bonds

C. A carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds

D. Carbon has a total of four electrons

Ch 4 BIOLOGY BY Daraghmeh

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