Positioning chapter 5
The most common oblique projection of the second through fifth digits is _____ with ___ rotation
PA; lateral
AP; Medial
AP; lateral
PA; Medial
Which of the following are true finger and hand procedures?
Radiopaque objects must be removed
Open collimation
Patient is seated at the end of the radiographic table
Accurate centering is essential to avoid obscuring the joint spaces
Which of the following joint should be clearly demonstrated on the AP projection of the forearm?
1. Wrist
1. Wrist
2. Elbow
3. Proximal humerus
1 & 2
1 & 3
2 & 3
1, 2 and 3
How many degrees is the hand rotated for a PA oblique projection of the digit?
25
40
45
35
Which two of the following demonstrates the Coronoid process in profile ?
Axiolateral (Coyle method) projection of elbow
AP oblique projection of elbow in medial rotation
AP oblique projection of elbow in lateral rotation
Lateral projection of elbow
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate carpal canal?
Stecher (PA axial)
Norgaard (AP oblique)
Lawrence (inferosuperior axial)
Gaynor-Hart (tangential)
The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the
Radial head
Trochlea
Lateral epicondyle
Ulnar coronoid process
The posterior fat pad lies in the
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Radial fossa
Radial notch
Which of the following objects would be needed to perform a PA oblique projection of a finger?
1. 2-inch block
2. Lead shield
3. 45-degree foam wedge
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
Soft tissue radiographs of the elbow in the lateral position are often ordered to demonstrate
Veins
Nerves
Fat pads
Fractures
The first bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist is called the
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Lunate
Scaphoid
The PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation clearly demonstrates the
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Hamate
Scaphoid
What anatomy should be projected free of superimposition for an AP oblique projection of the elbow with medial rotation?
Lateral epicondyle
Coronoid process
Olecranon process
Olecranon fossa
Which two of the following are true? (Select all that apply.)
The lunate articulates with the radius proximally.
The most proximal articulation of the wrist is the carpometacarpal joint.
The capitate articulates with both the fourth and fifth metacarpal.
The scaphoid articulates with the radius.
The only saddle joint in the human body is the ___ joint
Radioulnar
Radiocarpal
First digit, carpometacarpal
Fifth digit, carpometacarpal
How many degrees is the central ray angles for the AP forearm?
0
5
7
3
How far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the IR be placed for an AP humerus?
1/2 inch
1 inch
1 1/2 inches
2 inches
A fracture of the metacarpal neck is known as a____fracture.
Colles
Smith
Boxer
Benett
Which of the following positions of the hand will place the epicondyles parallel with the plane of the IR?
Lateral
Pronation
Supination
45- degree lateral rotation
Which of the following projections corrects foreshortening of the scaphoid?
PA
PA oblique in lateral rotation
PA in radial deviation
PA in ulnar deviation
If a patient is unable to extend the forearm for an AP projection of the elbow, how many projections are necessary to avoid distortion of the joint?
Two
Three
Four
Five
The third metacarpal of the hand articulates with the
Lunate
Scaphoid
Hamate
Capitate
Which fat pad lies parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius?
Anterior
Coronoid
Posterior
Supinator
The hand consists of how many bones?
8
14
27
32
The central-ray angulation for the tangential projection (inferosuperior) of demonstrating the carpal canal is ____ degrees.
15
20
25 to 30
35 to 45
Which of the following positions can be used to perform a lateral projection of the humerus on a patient who has a suspected fracture?
Supine
Standing
Lateral decubitus
Lateral recumbent
Where is the central ray directed for a lateral projection of the humerus?
Elbow joint
Shoulder joint
Glenoid cavity
Midpoint of the humerus
What projection of the elbow demonstrates the radial head and neck free of superimposition?
AP oblique projection, lateral rotation
AP oblique projection, medial rotation
AP oblique projection, medial rotation
AP projection, acute flexion
For a PA projection of the second digit, the central ray is directed to the
Distal interphalangeal joint.
Proximal interphalangeal joint.
Metacarpophalangeal joint.
Carpometacarpal joint.
Flexing the fingers for a PA projection of the wrist causes which of the following?
Placement of the carpal bones farther from the IR
Placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR
Less pain for the patient when the wrist is broken
Greater resolution of the carpal interspaces
Which of the following passes through the carpal canal?
Radial vein
Radial nerve
Median vein
Median nerve
Which of the following must be clearly demonstrated on an lateral projection of the humerus? 1. Elbow joint 2. Glenoid cavity 3. Shoulder joint
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
The lateral projection of the hand in extension demonstrates (Select all that apply.)
Foreign bodies
Metacarpal fracture displacement
Phalanges in profile
Phalangeal fractures
The palm of the hand is formed by
Five carpals
Five metacarpals
Eight carpals
Eight metacarpls
A professional volleyball player arrives to the emergency room with a possible Bennett's fracture. The radiographer should perform a___procedure to confirm his diagnosis.
Wrist
Thumb
Forearm
Elbow
The central area of the long cylindrical shaft of the radius, ulna, and humerus is called the
Body
Neck
Styloid
Fissure
The IR must be elevated how many degrees for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method)?
5 degrees
10 degrees
15 degrees
20 degrees
How many degrees should the elbow be angled for an AP lateral oblique projection?
30 degrees
40 degrees
45 degrees
50 degrees
For the PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation, the central ray is directed to the
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Radiocarpal joint
Midcarpal area
For the AP projection of the thumb, Lewis suggests angling the central ray teward the wrist to demenstrate the first metacarpal free of the sesameids and of the seft tissue of the palm. What is the suggested central ray angle?
10 degrees
15 degrees
5 to 10 degrees
10 to 15 degrees
For the AP projection of the forearm, the hand is
Supinated
Pronated
Placed in the lateral position.
Placed in a 45-degree oblique position.
Which of the following central-ray angles is used for the lateral projection of the wrist?
0 degrees
5 degrees
7 degrees
0 to 5 degrees
For a PA projection of the hand, the central ray is directed to enter the
Second MCP joint.
Third MCP joint.
Head of the third metacarpal.
Head of the second metacarpal.
Which two of the following methods can be used to demonstrate the first CMC joint? (Select all that apply.)
Robert
Burman
Stecher
Norgaard
The thumb is also known as the
Lateral digit
First digit
Medial digit
Fifth digit
Which of the following projections would be used to better demonstrate the carpal interspaces?
AP
PA
Lateral
PA oblique with lateral rotation
For the AP projection of the humerus, the hand is positioned
Supinated
Pronated
Lateral
30-degree medial rotation
Which two of the following procedures would place the lateral aspect of the hand in contact with the IR? (Select all that apply.)
Lateral projection of the thumb
Lateral projection of the 4th digit
Lateral projection of the 2nd digit
Lateral projection of the 5th digit
Which of the following methods is used when the arm cannot be abducted for the standard AP or lateral projection of the humerus?
Stecher
Lawrence
Norgaard
Gaynor-Hart
All of the following positions are used to demonstrate the hand in the lateral projection, except
Ulnar surface on IR, hand extended.
Radial surface on IR, hand extended.
Ulnar surface on IR, digits in "fan lateral."
Radial surface on IR, digits in "fan lateral."
What structure is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the elbow?
Radial neck
Radial head
Olecranon process
Hummel epicondyles
If the IR and wrist are elevated for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method), the central ray orientation is
Perpendicular to the IR.
20 degrees toward the elbow.
20 degrees toward the hand.
Variable according to the degree of IR/part elevation.
Which of the following breathing techniques should be used for a lateral projection of the humerus?
Shallow breathing
Full inspiration
Full expiration
Suspended respiration
Which twe of the following should be demenstrated en the AP projection of the humerus? (Select all that apply.)
Wrist joint
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Entire clavical
Which of the following is the primary projection used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacement of fractures of the hand or wrist?
AP
PA
Lateral
AP oblique
To demonstrate the radial head in the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method), the elbow is flexed _ degrees.
30
45
80
90
Which fat pads are seen on a negative lateral elbow radiograph?
1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Supinator
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
What anatomy should be demonstrated free of superimposition on an AP oblique projection of the elbow in lateral rotation?
Capitulum
Trochlea
Radial head and neck
Olecranon process
The lateral projection of the forearm should clearly demonstrate all of the following, except
Radius and ulna
MCP joints
Elbow joints
Proximal row of carpal bones
Which of the following breathing techniques should be used for an AP projection of the humerus?
Suspended respiration
Full inspiration
Full expiration
Shallow breathing
What is the bone in the upper arm?
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Capitulum
All of the following are long bones except
Carpals
Metcarpals
Phalanges
Ulna
How many degrees is the elbow flexed for a lateral projection of the wrist?
0
25
45
90
The 10 joints of the upper limb are all 1. hinge. 2. Synovial tissue. 3. Freely movable.
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
The head of the radius articulates on the medial side with the
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch
Ulnar styloid process
Radial notch
Which of the following should be on the same plane for a lateral projection of the elbow? 1. Wrist joint 2. Elbow joint 3. Shoulder joint
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
How many degrees is the central ray angled for both of the axiolateral projections (Coyle method) of the elbow?
30
35
40
45
The shallow depression, located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus, receives which of the following when the elbow is flexed?
Trochlea
Coronoid process
Capitulum
Radial tuberosity
If the IR and wrist are placed flat on the table for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method), what central ray orientation is required?
10 degrees toward the elbow
10 degrees toward the hand
20 degrees toward the elbow
20 degrees toward the hand
Which of the following devices is necessary to demonstrate the IP joints with a PA oblique projection of the hand?
Finger holder strap
20-degree angle block
45- degree foam block
45- degree foam wedge
The carpal bones articulate with the
Radius only
Ulna only
Phalanges only
Radius, ulna and phalanges
The____is the largest bone in the proximal carpal row.
Scaphoid
Capitate
Lunate
Hamate
For exact positioning of the PA oblique wrist, and to ensure duplication in follow-up examinations, which of the following is required?
30- degree foam wedge
45- degree foam wedge
2- inch block
3- inch block
Which two of the following must be clearly demonstrated on a lateral projection of the humerus? (Select all that apply.)
Wrist joint
Entire clavicle
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are positioned
Perpendicular to the IR
Parallel to the IR
Superimposed over each other
Not clearly seen
What anatomic structure is shown in profile on an AP projection of the humerus?
Capitulum
Glenoid cavity
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
The central-ray angulation for the PA projection of the hand is __ degrees.
0
5
7
3
For the PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation, how many degrees is the central ray angled?
0
5
7
5 to 7
Which two of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.)
The central ray (CR) enters the MCP joints for all finger projections.
The central ray enters the 2nd metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint for the PA oblique hand projection.
The central ray enters the 3rd metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint for the PA hand projection.
The central ray enters the 2nd metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint for the lateral hand projectien.
How many degrees is the elbow flexed for the lateral projection of the elbow?
0
45
75
90
The PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method) clearly demonstrates the
Lunate
Capitate
Scaphoid
Distal row of carpal bones
How many phalanges are in the hand?
14
27
30
32
How far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the IR be placed for a lateral projection of the humerus?
1/2 inch
1 inch
1 1/2 inches
2 inches
For the lateral projection of the 2nd digit, the hand is positioned
Radial surface in contact with the IR.
Ulnar surface in contact with the IR.
Radial or ulnar surface in contact with the IR.
Palmar surface in contact with the IR.
How is the upper extremity positioned for the lateral projection of the humerus?
Laterally rotated to place humeral epicondyles at a 45-degree angle.
Medially rotated to place humeral epicondyles at a 45-degree angle.
Laterally rotated to place the humeral epicondyles parallel with the IR.
Medially rotated to place humeral epicondyles perpendicular to the IR.
To demonstrate the coronoid process in the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method), the elbow is flexed ____ degrees.
45
80
90
75
How is the hand positioned for the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method)?
Supinated
Pronated
30- degree medial oblique
45- degree medial oblique
The general patient position most commonly used to perform a radiograph of a finger is
AP
PA
Sitting at the end of the table
Standing at the end of the table
What is the central-ray angulation for the AP elbow when the forearm is partially flexed?
0 degrees
5 degrees
10 degrees
5 to 10 degrees
For a PA oblique projection of the first digit (thumb), the hand is positioned in
Supination
Pronation
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
The position recommended to increase patient comfort when performing an AP projection of the humerus is
Prone
Recumbent
Supine
Upright
How many degrees is the central-ray angled for a PA oblique projection of the wrist?
0
5
12
0 to 5
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