Anatomy thorax

In the intercostal space:

The intercostal nerve runs most superiorly

The intercostal vein runs most superiorly

Posterior intercostal arteries always branch off from the thoracic aorta

Anterior cutaneous branch is the terminal portion of the main trunk of the intercostal nerve

Intercostal nerves run in the company of intercostal vessels

First intercostal nerve co-forms the intercostobrachial plexus

What is true about the intercostal muscles

External intercostal muscle extends from the costal tubercle to the costochondrial junction

Internal intercostal muscle is attached to the internal margin of the costal groove

Innermost intercostal muscles are innervated by the phrenic nerve

Internal intercostal muscles extend to the sternum

Intercostal nerve goes between the external and internal intercostal muscles along most of its course

Which of the following arteries are branches of the internal thoracic artery?

In the diaphragmM

The medial arcuate ligament covers the anterior surface of the aorta

The lateral arcuate ligament extends from the transverse process of the second lumbar vertebrae

The medial arcuate ligament is inserted into the transverse process of the first lumber vertebrae

The central tendon has the shape of two connected leaves

What is true concerned to the diaphragm:

The left crus is longer than the right crus

The aortic hiatus can be found on the level of the 10th thoracic vertebrae

The aortic hiatus can be found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae

The azygos vein usually passes through the esophageal hiatus

The azygos vein usually pass through the aortic hiatus

Sensory innervation of the diaphragm derives only from the phrenic nerve

Which of the following statements concerning the projection of the orifices of the heart on the anterior wall are true?

Mitral orifice is found opposite to the fourth left costal cartilage

Tricuspid orifice is found below the level of the right fifth costal cartilage

Aortic orifice is found at the medial end of the third intercostal space

Pulmonary orifice is found at the sternal end of the second left intercostal space

Which muscles elevate the ribs and the sternum?

External intercostal muscles

Parasternal region of internal intercostal muscles

The pericardium:

Is supplied by the phrenic nerves only

Partially surrounds the superior vena cava

Fibrous pericardium is built of two layeras

Serous pericardium is built of two layers

It is supplied by the indirect branch of the subclavian artery

Lies in the middle mediastinum

In the anterior mediastinum:

The inferior vena cava enters the thorax

One can find the pericardiacophrenic artery

Sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles reach their insertions

Passes the internal thoracic artery

Vertebral column makes the posterior border

All of the following can be found in the middle mediastinum, except:

Pulmonary trunk

Azygos vein

Vagus nerve

Phrenic nerve

In the posterior mediastinum we can find:

Splanchnic nerves

Phrenic nerves

Cardiac plexus

Inferior vena cava

What is true about the transverse sinus

It is limited by the superior vena cava posteriorly

It is limited by the right atrium posteriorly

It is limited by the aorta anteriorly

Is limited by the pulmonary trunk anteriorly

Walls of the mediastinum

Superior wall; thoracic outlet

Inferior wall; diaphragm

Lateral wall; mediastinal pleura

Anterior wall; sternum

Posterior wall; thoracic part of the vertebral column

What is true about the right atrium?

The opening of the superior vena cava is valveless and can be found in the superior wall

Sulcus terminalis separates the main cavity from the auricle on the external surface of the right atrium

Coronary sinus opens on the anterior wall

Oblique sinus of the pericardium lies mainly behind the right atrium

Coronary sinus opens on the inferior wall

What does the left coronary artery supply?

The left coronary artery:

Arises from the anterior aortic sinus

Passes between the aorta and the left auricle

Supplies approximately one third of the ventricular septum

Its circumflex branch may supply the sinu-atrial node

In the heart:

Pectinate muscles are found in the entire atria

Sulcus terminalis is the site of origin of the pectinate muscles

Atrioventricular septum separates the right atrium and right ventricle and possesses the right atrioventricular orifice

Anteriorly the right atrium neighbours the mediastinal surface of the right lung

The tricuspid valve:

Possesses lateral, medial and anterior cusps

Possesses septal, medial and anterior cusps

Has chordae tendineae attached to two cusps only

Possessees two papillary muscles for each cusp

Opens during the systole of the ventricles

The trachea:

Begins at the level of the first thoracic vertebrae

Begins at the level of the sixth cervical vertebrae

Is supplied by the branches of the subclavian artery

Bifurcates at the level of the 6th thoracic vertebrae

Lies anteriorly to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Possesses a membranous wall posteriorly

In the right lung:

The right pulmonary artery passes above the right principal bronchus

Oblique fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes

Superior lobar bronchus gives off five segmental bronchi

Pulmonary vein forms the most inferior element of the hilum

The groove of the superior vena cava is on the medial surface

In the left lung:

Superior lobar bronchus passes above the left pulmonary vein

Costo-diaphragmatic recess is larger than the costo-mediastinal recess

Oblique fissure passes more horizontally than in the right lung

Hilum contains branches of the vagus nerve

Middle lobar bronchus is divided into lateral and medial segmental bronchi

Facts:

The trachea lies in the superior mediastinum

The bifurcation of the trachea is called the carina

The esophageal plexus is formed by the vagus nerves and the symphathetic nerves

The left vagus nerve descends in the thorax between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian arteries

What is false about the pulmonary arteries

Right pulmonary artery runs behind the ascending aorta

Left pulmonary artery runs in front of the descending aorta

They supply the bronchial tree

Supply oxygenated blood

What is true about the pleura?

Visceral pleura limits the recesses

Parietal pleura limits the recesses

Visceral pleura is supplied by the bronchial plexus

Parietal pleura is innervated by the pleural plexus

The thoracic aorta:

Begins on the level of the sixth thoracic vertebrae

Usually gives off one right bronchial artery and two left bronchial arteries

Usually gives off 12 posterior intercostal arteries

Usually gives off two pairs of subcostal arteries

One of the vagus nerves in the thorax:

Gives cardiac branches

Passes in front of the root of the right lung

Passes in front of the aortic arch

Gives off branches supplying structures in the neck

Forms a trunk which is found between the esophageus and the trachea

Direct branches of the thoracic aorta:

1st posterior intercostal artery

2nd posterior intercostal artery

3rd posterior intercostal artery

4th posterior intercostal artery

5th posterior intercostal artery

The right subclavian artery:

Is the first branch of the arch of the aorta

Is the second branch of the arch of the aorta

Is the third branch of the arch of the aorta

Is not usually a branch of the arch of the aorta

The left brachiocephalic vein:

Is shorter than the right one

Is more vertical than the right one

Crosses the anterior surface of the brachiocephalic artery

Terminates behind the right sternoclavicular joint

The superior vena cava:

Originates behind the left sternoclavicular joint

Originates behind the right sternoclavicular joint

Right subclavian vein is its tributary

Azygos vein is its tributary

The branches of the aortic arch:

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid

Left subcavian

The thoracic duct

Passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm

Can be found in the posterior and superior mediastinum

Crosses the esophagus on the level of the 6th thoracic vertebrae

Receives the right bronchiomediastinal lymph trunk

Enters the left venous angle

The azygos vein:

Arises on the level of the 10th thoracic vertebrae from the right subcostal vein

Receives all the right posterior intercostal veins

Receives the pericardial veins

Receives the left bronchial veins

Terminates in the inferior vena cava

The thoracic duct:

Passes through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm

Passes between the descending aorta and the hemiazygous vein

Terminates in the superior mediastinum

Receives the right bronchomediastinal trunk

True about the lymph vessels of the lungs:

Originate in the walls of the alveola

Originate in the subpleural plexus

Originates in the deep plexus

Drains into the tracheobronchial nodes

True about the azygos veins:

Inferior azygos vein goes through the diaphragm

Inferior azygos vein is usually a tributary of the superior azygos vein

Superior azygos vein is usually a tributary of the azygos vein

The right phrenic nerve:

Passes down the thorax behind the brachiocephalic trunk

Supplies part of the peritoneum

Descends in front of the root of the right lung

Enters the thorax in front of the brachiocephalic vein

Crosses the anterior surface of the superior vena cava

The phrenic nerve:

On the right side passes laterally to the right brachiocephalic vein

On the left passes posteriorly to the pulmonary hilum

Supplies the costal pleura

Innervates the middle part of the diaphragm

Innervates the pericardium

The esophagus:

Possesses a constriction as it crosses the right principal bronchus

Is constricted as it is crossed by the hemiazygous vein

Lies posteriorly to the left recurrent laryngeal vein

Crosses the right posterior intercostal arteries anteriorly

Usually passes through the diaphagm together with the splanchnic nerves

What is true about the esophagus?

Begins on the level of the 4th cervical vertebrae

Is crossed by the hemiazygos vein anteriorly

Possesses the anterior vagal trunk made by the right vagus nerve

Possesses a middle constriction as it crosses the left principal bronchus

About the esophagus:

Is crossed by the right posterior intercostal arteries anteriorly

Lies anteriorly to the azygos vein

Lies posterior to the left pulmonary artery

Lies posterior to the left principal bronchus

What is true about the sympathetic trunk in the thorax?

Consists of 11-12 ganglia

Its ganglia lie on the anterior surface of the heads of the ribs

Its preganglionic fibers originate in the thoracic part of the spinal cord

It gives postganglionic fibers to the superficial cardial plexus

The lumbar triangle:

Is limited anteriorly by the external oblique abdominis muscle

Is limited posteriorly by the latissimus dorsi muscle

Is limited inferiorly by the iliac crest

Its floor is made by the transverse abdominis muscle

Its roof is made by the quadratus lumborum muscle

The suboccipital triangle

Is limited superiomedially by the rectus capitis posterior major muscle

Is limited superolateraly by the oblique capitis superior muscle

Is limited inferolaterally by the oblique capitis inferior muscle

The floor is made by the posterior atlantooccipital membrane

The floor is made by the trapezius muscle

In the suboccipital triangle you can find:

Muscles of the back:

All are innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerve

Superficial group is only innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

Superficial group is innervated by the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves

Deep group is partially innervated by the accessory nerve

All of the above is false

What is true about the thoracolumbar fascia?

In the lumbar region it is attached to the 12th rib

In the lumbar region it is attached to the iliac crest

In the thoracic region it is attached to the transverse processes

In the thoracic region it is attached to the angles of the ribs

What is false about the tendinous lumbar space?

Medially it is limited by the erector spinae muscle

Superiorly it is limited by the 12th rib

Its floor is made by the transverse abdominis muscle

Is covered by the latissimus dorsi muscle

All of the above are true

Anatomy thorax

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