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Lecture 5-7 Trauma

What is the potential impact of health- and death-related experiences?

They test the human ability to bounce back to a previous state of psychosocial functioning.

They are always traumatic and cannot be overcome.

They have no impact on a person's psychosocial functioning.

They can only cause distress, but not traumatic stress.

They only affect a person's physical health.

What is the role of a trauma counsellor in health- and death-related traumatic events?

To ignore the emotional, social, and spiritual implications of the illness.

To provide expertise and support to individuals who are unable to bounce back from the traumatic event.

To only focus on the biological aspects of the traumatic event.

To minimize the level of distress experienced by individuals.

To prioritize the management of symptoms over the emotional well-being of the individual.

What is often overlooked during illness?

The financial implications of the illness.

The physical health of the individual.

The management of symptoms.

The emotional, social, and spiritual implications of the illness.

The importance of seeking medical treatment.

What are some of the implications of being ill?

Increased social interactions.

No impact on interpersonal relationships.

Enhanced physical health.

Improved emotional well-being.

Difficulty in tolerating even minor illnesses.

What is a health-related traumatic event/experience?

A change in health status that only affects the physical well-being of an individual.

A significant change in health status, such as being injured in a motor vehicle accident or being diagnosed with a serious illness.

A positive change in health status, such as recovering from an illness.

A minor illness that does not have a significant impact on a person's life.

A temporary change in health status, such as having a common cold.

What are some of the physical and emotional reactions to health-related traumatic events?

Physical reactions only, with no emotional impact.

Mild physical and emotional reactions.

Intense physical and emotional reactions.

No physical or emotional reactions.

Emotional reactions only, with no physical impact.

What are some of the dimensions of healthrelated traumatic events?

Psychological and spiritual experiences only.

Biological and psychological experiences only.

Biological, psychological, social, and spiritual experiences.

Biological, social, and spiritual experiences only.

Social and spiritual experiences only.

What are some of the experiences when diagnosed with a serious illness?

Physical experiences only.

Spiritual experiences only.

Social experiences only.

Emotional experiences only.

Physical, Social, emotional and Spiritual

Which diagnoses can cause a traumatic reaction?

Common cold and minor illnesses.

Injuries from minor accidents.

Temporary illnesses that do not require medical treatment.

Alzheimer’s and other dementias, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes

Congenital disabilities only.

What are some of the emotional reactions accompanying a patient diagnosed with a serious illness?

Negative emotional reactions only.

Positive emotional reactions only.

No emotional reactions.

Loneliness and isolation, depression, despair, irritation, fear, guilt, gratitude, and humour.

Emotional reactions that are unrelated to the illness.

What is the potential impact of health- and death-related experiences?

They test the human ability to bounce back to a previous state of psychosocial functioning.

They are easily overcome by individuals.

They only cause distress in people.

They have no impact on a person's psychosocial functioning.

They always result in traumatic stress.

What is often overlooked during illness?

The physical implications of the illness.

The emotional, social, and spiritual implications of the illness.

The management of symptoms.

The accessibility of healthcare services.

The financial implications of the illness.

What are some of the implications of being ill?

Being ill improves a person's ability to tolerate discomfort.

Being ill has no impact on a person's daily life.

Being ill has no impact on a person's emotions.

Being ill only affects a person's physical health.

The pain and symptoms have a significant influence on emotions and how people respond to daily demands.

What is a health-related traumatic event/experience?

A positive change in health status.

A significant change in health status, such as being injured in a motor vehicle accident or being diagnosed with a serious illness.

A routine medical check-up.

A minor illness or injury.

A temporary discomfort or pain.

What are some of the dimensions of health-related traumatic events?

Social and spiritual experiences.

Biological and spiritual experiences.

Biological, psychological, social, and spiritual experiences.

Biological and psychological experiences.

Psychological and social experiences.

What are some of the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual experiences when diagnosed with a serious illness?

Physical (headaches, stomachaches), emotional (boredom, frustration), social (busy schedule, lack of time for relationships), and spiritual (lack of interest in religion, disbelief in higher power).

- Physical (weight loss, physical weakness), emotional (anger, jealousy), social (loneliness, lack of social support), and spiritual (lack of purpose, loss of belief).

Physical (pain and symptoms), emotional (anxiety, fear, anger, uncertainty, and isolation), social (relationships, finances, accessibility of services), and spiritual (existential questions and faith).

Physical (fatigue, loss of appetite), emotional (sadness, grief), social (isolation, strained relationships), and spiritual (loss of faith, existential crisis).

Physical (pain and symptoms), emotional (happiness, joy, excitement), social (supportive relationships, financial stability), and spiritual (inner peace, contentment).

What are some of the most common diagnoses causing a traumatic reaction?

Broken bones, sprained muscles, cuts and bruises.

Alzheimer’s and other dementias, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes, HIV/Aids, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) amongst adults.

Headaches, back pain, stomachaches.

Acne, eczema, common infections.

Common cold, flu, allergies, minor injuries.

What is grief?

The acceptance of death and moving on without any emotional reactions.

The response/reaction to death, and manifests in several ways such as intense sadness, constant yearning for the person who died, and common emotional reactions like fear, anger, disillusionment, loneliness, and temporary changes in behavior.

The denial of death and refusal to acknowledge the loss of a loved one.

The celebration of a person's life after their death.

The indifference towards death and the absence of any emotional response.

What is bereavement?

The period of time immediately after the loss of a loved one.

The celebration of the person's life after their death.

The process of acute grief while adapting to life without the person who has died.

The process of forgetting about the person who has died and moving on with life.

What is complicated grief?

A form of grief that is experienced by everyone and is a normal part of life.

A form of grief that is only experienced by children and adolescents.

A form of grief that is easily overcome and does not last for a long time.

A form of grief that is less intense than normal grief and fades away quickly.

A much stronger form of grief than normal grief, where a person may have trouble moving on for months, years, or longer, and may experience a heightened state of grief that hampers the healing process.

What is the definition of a family?

A group of friends who spend a lot of time together.

A group of people living together in a house.

A group of people who share the same last name.

A societal group that is related either by blood, adoption, foster care or marital ties, civil union or cohabitation, and goes beyond a particular physical residence.

A group of people who work together.

What are some characteristics of healthy families?

Allow and accept emotional expressions of an individual's character and interests.

Create an unsafe and insecure environment for family members.

Discourage emotional expressions and individuality.

Treat members with disrespect and inflexibility.

Have no rules or boundaries within the family.

What is a dysfunctional family dynamic?

A family that is emotionally distant.

Chronic conflict family

A family with a dominant-submissive household.

A family that has no conflicts.

A family where everyone gets along perfectly.

What is the impact of trauma on family dynamics?

It strengthens family bonds.

It has no impact on family dynamics.

It only affects the individual who experienced the trauma.

It leads to the dissolution of the family.

It can influence the way young people view themselves/others and the world, and impact their relationships/behaviors and future wellbeing.

What are some changes to the family system that can occur due to a traumatic incident?

The family becomes more harmonious and balanced.

The family becomes more rigid and inflexible.

No changes occur in the family system.

Threat to the system, external forces that endanger the security of those held near and dear, and internal forces that undermine the sense of safety that family can provide.

The family becomes more distant and disconnected.

What are some examples of traumatic incidents within a family?

Divorce, domestic violence, and childhood trauma.

Cooking a family meal, watching a movie together, and playing board games.

Celebrating a birthday, going on a family vacation, and buying a new house.

Having a family pet, going to a family gathering, and taking family photos.

Getting a promotion at work, winning a sports competition, and graduating from school.

What are some emotional experiences of traumatized children at different developmental stages?

Low self-esteem, need for rejection, insensitivity to criticism, and ease in expressing feelings.

High self-esteem, need for approval, sensitivity to praise, and ease in expressing feelings.

High self-esteem, indifference to approval, insensitivity to criticism, and ease in expressing feelings.

Low self-esteem, need for approval, sensitivity to criticism, and difficulties in expressing feelings.

Low self-esteem, need for approval, insensitivity to criticism, and difficulties in expressing emotions.

What are some physical indicators of child abuse?

Inconsistent history of the injury from caregivers, description of event fits injury, pattern of injuries, and no other physical indicators.

Inconsistent history of the injury from caregivers, description of event does not fit injury, pattern of injuries, and other physical indicators.

Consistent history of the injury from caregivers, description of event does not fit injury, no pattern of injuries, and no other physical indicators.

Consistent history of the injury from caregivers, description of event fits injury, no pattern of injuries, and no other physical indicators.

Consistent history of the injury from caregivers, description of event does not fit injury, pattern of injuries, and other physical indicators.

What is emotional abuse?

Emotional abuse is sexual exploitation of a child.

Emotional abuse is physical harm inflicted on a child.

Emotional abuse is neglecting a child's basic needs.

Emotional abuse is also referred to as psychological maltreatment, and underlies all types of abuse or neglect.

Emotional abuse is the use of drugs or alcohol in front of a child.

What is neglect?

Neglect is caused by parents and caregivers who have a lack of resources.

Neglect can impact on health and overall development, and is often caused by parents and caregivers who have disturbances in their personality structure.

Neglect has no impact on health and overall development.

Neglect is caused by parents and caregivers who have no disturbances in their personality structure.

Neglect is caused by parents and caregivers who have a perfect personality structure.

What is filicide?

A form of family violence in which a child is kidnapped by a stranger.

A form of family violence in which a child is abused by a sibling.

A form of family violence in which a child is killed by his or her own parent.

A form of family violence in which a child is bullied by his or her classmates.

A form of family violence in which a child is neglected by his or her parents.

What is vicarious trauma?

Manifestation of traumatic symptoms by the victim of abuse.

Manifestation of traumatic symptoms by a professional working with abuse victims.

Manifestation of traumatic symptoms by persons close to the victim of abuse.

Manifestation of traumatic symptoms by a random person unrelated to the abuse.

Manifestation of traumatic symptoms by the perpetrator of abuse.

What are possible reasons why sexual assault incidents are not reported by victims?

Women “cry rape” to gain revenge

Stories of rape are often not told. This can be because of the survivor’s difficulty in sharing an extremely painful traumatic experience

Rapists are mentally ill or weird loners

People do not want to believe that rape really occurs

Survivors are often reluctant to disclose or report their rape to the police owing to feelings of shame, and fear that they will be stigmatized

What are some myths about rape?

Survivors are often reluctant to disclose or report their rape to the police owing to feelings of shame, and fear that they will be stigmatized

Women “cry rape” to gain revenge

People do not want to believe that rape really occurs

Rapists are mentally ill or weird loners

Only bad women are raped

What is rape culture?

People do not want to believe that rape really occurs

Rapists are mentally ill or weird loners

Survivors are often reluctant to disclose or report their rape to the police owing to feelings of shame, and fear that they will be stigmatized

Rape culture is a term used to describe the societal attitudes, behaviors, and norms that contribute to a culture where sexual violence, particularly rape, is normalized, excused, or tolerated

Women “cry rape” to gain revenge

What are some examples of behaviours commonly associated with rape culture?

Rapists are mentally ill or weird loners

People do not want to believe that rape really occurs

Survivors are often reluctant to disclose or report their rape to the police owing to feelings of shame, and fear that they will be stigmatized

Women “cry rape” to gain revenge

Blaming the victim ("He/she asked for it")

What are the emotional reactions in the acute stage of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)?

Rape victims may have difficulty with disorganized sleep patterns

Survivors are often reluctant to disclose or report their rape to the police owing to feelings of shame, and fear that they will be stigmatized

Victims vary in the style of expressing their feelings

Many victims report a general feeling of soreness all over their body

As people do in other crisis situations, victims of sexual assault may react with fear and confusion

What are the physical reactions in the acute stage of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)?

Many victims report a general feeling of soreness all over their body

Survivors are often reluctant to disclose or report their rape to the police owing to feelings of shame, and fear that they will be stigmatized

Victims may react with fear or confusion

Victims of sexual assault may have difficulty in problem solving and in mobilizing the strength to accomplish daily tasks

What are the phases/stages of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)?

Acute stage

Acute stage and Re-organisation/ re-normalisation stage

Acute stage and Outward Adjustment Or Underground Phase

All of the above

What are some themes emerging from research on the possible lived experiences of rape survivors?

Helplessness and powerlessness

Fear

Self-blame, guilt and shame

Anger

Disgust and contamination

What are the behavioural reactions during the Acute stage of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)?

Victims of sexual assault may have difficulty in problem solving and in mobilizing the strength to accomplish daily tasks

Rape victims may have difficulty with disorganized sleep patterns

Many victims report a general feeling of soreness all over their body

As people do in other crisis situations, victims of sexual assault may react with fear and confusion

Victims vary in the style of expressing their feelings

What is the Underground Stage/Outward Adjustment Phase of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)?

Period during which victims attempt to return to their lives as if nothing had happened

Phase during which victims react with fear and confusion

Phase during which victims demonstrate feelings by being restless, becoming visibly tense, or crying or sobbing when describing specific details of the assault

Phase during which victims may have difficulty in problem solving and in mobilizing the strength to accomplish daily tasks

Phase during which victims may have difficulty with disorganized sleep patterns

What are the coping strategies during the Underground Stage/Outward Adjustment Phase of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)?

Suppression (refuses to discuss the rape)

Minimization (pretending 'everything is fine’)

Explanation (analyzes what happened)

Flight (moves to a new home or city, alters appearance)

Dramatization (cannot stop talking about the assault)

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