Lean Supply Chain as an Approach For Achieving Sustainability During Design Phase

This is a study to see if lean supply chain can be implemented at the design phase of construction projects to increase the efficiency and long-term viability of the entire process and the end product. The research is looking into the issues that the design phase of the supply chain faces, as well as the impact these issues have on sustainability, in order to develop a lean-based framework that can overcome these obstacles and establish a sustainable process.

This questionnaire is designed to collect the information you submit and analyze it in the context of the study objectives in order to achieve the stated goal. Your responses will be kept private and will not be shared with anybody.

Your privacy is protected, and your name will not be used in any way until the results are released.

Your voluntary information will be accessed only by researchers, and you can withdraw at any time or skip any questions you don't want to answer.

This study has been accepted by the Department of Architecture Engineering at the British University in Egypt, and it will be carried out in accordance with all applicable national and international ethics rules and standards.

You agree to take part in this study by completing this questionnaire

This questionnaire will not take more than 15 minutes to complete.

RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS:

1-You may withdraw at any time

2-You may discontinue the participation without penalty

3-You are not waiving any legal claims, rights or remedies

Best Regards

Your privacy is protected, and your name will not be used in any way until the results are released.

Your voluntary information will be accessed only by researchers, and you can withdraw at any time or skip any questions you don't want to answer.

You agree to take part in this study by completing this questionnaire

This questionnaire will not take more than 15 minutes to complete.

RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS:

1-You may withdraw at any time

2-You may discontinue the participation without penalty

3-You are not waiving any legal claims, rights or remedies

Best Regards

What area of specialty does your firm belong to?

Which category does your firm usually participate in?

Small projects

Midsize projects

Mega projects

How many years of experience do you have in design?

Less than 5

5-10

10-15

More than 15

The construction industry is of a unique nature that produces many challenges throughout the whole process. These challenges create an atmosphere that require many efforts to achieve sustainability. Traditional construction process is concerned with the processing activities and ignores non-value adding activities which create an uncontrolled environment. The traditional approach often depends on the push management modes instead of pull and these modes involves a high percentage of non-value adding activities and material or equipment storage. Hence increased cost for the customer and often delayed schedules. Rate your knowledge of the traditional construction practices from 1 limited to 5 excellent?

Which of the following do you consider more challenging to achieve sustainability?

Sustainability is achieving the balance between obtaining the present needs and preserving the opportunity for future generations to meet theirs. Sustainability focuses on three main aspects: People, profits and planet which can be formally translated into three main pillars: Economic, Environmental and social. Economically the construction industry is responsible for a high percentage of economic growth, employment opportunities and it can be considered as a motivation for the development in other industries and studies. Additionally, it's responsible for a great part of social development and it can create some challenges to the surrounding life style during and after construction. However Environmentally the construction industry is responsible for nearly half of the energy and material consumption globally and it produces a high percentage of the total waste produced worldwide as well as the Co2 emissions. Finally, it can be concluded that the effect of construction industry on the main three pillars of sustainability is very high and must be carefully studied and planned during the first stages of the design phase to improve the whole process and avoid waste in time, cost, material, energy, pollution or any other form of waste. Rate your awareness of sustainability in construction from 1 low to 5 excellent?

Which of these three pillars do you consider most affected by the construction industry? Rank each of them 1-3 from less to more affected

Environmental

Economic

Social

How important do you believe an efficient design process can be to the sustainability of the construction process? Rank 1-5

Supply chain is the network consisting of all firms and organizations from the first supplier to the last client, all connected to deliver the last product for the final user through value adding processes and activities. However, suppliers' clients' network and transformation unit are the main components of the supply chain. Were you aware of supply chain? Rate your level of awareness from 1 low to 5 excellent

Who of the following parties are usually involved in the design process in your firm? And who of these parties do you consider more responsible for issues in the supply chain?

	Involvement	Responsibility for issues
Client
Architect
Structural Design Team
Professional Advisors
Professional Bodies
Contractors
Subcontractors
Supplies
Manufacturers
Financial Institutions
Research and Development Organizations
Public Authorities

Which of the following do you consider a challenge (A) Facing the design phase,(B) Created by a poor design process or (C) Problems with the design outcome?

	A	B	C
1.Uncertainty of owner's behavior
2. Client variations at later stages
3. Inexperienced clients
4. Change orders
5. Non-Compliance with codes of building and design
6. Tight schedule
7. Lack of resources and time
8. Lack of long term-relationships
9. Lack of trust
10. Challenges of new technologies
11. Architect design variations
12. Lack of skills
13. Fail to abide to contract requirements
14. Lack of adhering to environmental requirements and regulations
15. Lack of considering the whole project's life cycle and cost
16. Rework
17. Poor site planning
18. Lack of integration
19. Lack of workflow planning
20. Inefficient flow of information
21. Inefficient sharing of information
22. Fragmentation
23. Lack of integration and collaboration
24. Gap in communication and coordination
25. Lack of efficient information flow between architects and suppliers
26. Complex designs
27. Outdated designs and specification
28. Incorrect documentations
29. Lack of environmental requirements
30. Designs not buildable structures
31. Law quality drawings and outdated specifications
32. Design errors and omissions
33. No standardized parts in Design
34. Cost overruns due to Designs
35. Delayed Design process

What other challenges do you think are facing the design phase?

Lean can be defined as a strategy for management that aims to achieve a significant continuous improvement in the whole process through eliminating all waste from all sources that add no value to the final product or achieving the required quality with minimum cost and time.

Lean also categorized waste into eight main types:

Defects, Time (waiting), Transport, Motion, Talents, Over processing, Over production and Inventory

Construction industry Lean main scopes:

Waste Reduction.
Flow Variability.
Continuous Improvement.
Process Variability.
Customer focus.

Were you familiar with the concept of lean?

Yes

Did you use any lean tools as part of your practice?

Yes

ς� Did you ever use any of the previously mentioned tools in the projects you participated in during the design phase? If yes please rate the effectiveness of this tool in enhancing the process.

	1	2	3	4	5
Last Planner System
Team Preparation
Concurrent engineering
Cross functional teams
Visual management
Six Sigma
Work Standardization
Value Stream Mapping
Construction Process Analysis
Statistical process Control
Work Structuring
Daily Huddle Meetings
Risk and Opportunity Register
Early involvement of stakeholders
Bottle neck analysis

Which of the following can be improved by applying lean tools during the design phase? Number all given areas 1- 15 (1 being less affected and 15 most affected) Knowing that one may affect others.


Time	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cost	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Safety	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Communication	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Documentation	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Drawings accuracy	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Workflow	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Build ability of Designs	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Relationships	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Inventory	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Waste production	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Design Efficiency	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Sustainability	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Client Satisfaction	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Maintenance after Delivery	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

What other benefits do you think can be achieved by the lean application in the design phase?

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